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Algorithms
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Methodical, logical rules, or procedures that guarantee solving a particular problem
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Transformational grammar
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Chomsky's transformational grammar was one attempt to specify a set of transformational rules, or operations, that mediate between the deep structure and surface structure of a sentence or utterance.
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Anchoring
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Judgements are strongly influences by referene point provided; people use reference points as an anchor and then adjust up or down; happens even when told the numbers given are random
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PDP
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many activities are going on simultaneously, information processing system can be composed of an interconnected set of units that do not individually store information, info is stored in patterns of activity among units, units are neurons, they are richly interconnected, pass activation to each other, all units participate in every computation, learning happens through changes in connection weights
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voicing
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sound produced by the vocal cords
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pragmatics
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practical knowledge used to comprehend the intentions of a speaker and to produce an effective response
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insight
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moment when a problem solution suddenly comes to mind
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MORPHOLOGICAL RULES
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how morphemes can be combined
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PHONEME
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the smallest unit of recognizable speech
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MORPHEME
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the smallest meaningful unit of language
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Modularity
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Fodor (1983) has argued that some aspects of cognition are modular, each module being ‘informationally encapsulated'. By this he means specialized for a particular type of representational input, and delivering a module-specific output. Language, then, is one such module.
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Hindsight Bias
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A tendency to consistently exaggerate what could have been anticipated in foresight- "I knew it!"; Why?- when you look back you only see the events consistent with the outcome
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domain specific
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each input system works with particular kinds of information from whatever system is feeding it information, input system then works with codes that are special to that sensory system, after processing the input system makes the info available to the central systems
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surface structure
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where transformations that are allowed by the grammar of a language can move some elements to different places
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recursion
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phrases can be embedded inside a simple sentence
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family resemblance
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core features that category memebers share, members may have some but not all features
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Nativist explanations
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Language is an innate, biological capacity
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Syntax
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Syntax is a series of mechanisms for arranging words into meaningful sentences. One crucial and very interesting aspect of syntax is that sentences are built around verbs.
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Ill-Defined Problem
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Goal and starting point are unclear; hard to know when goal is reached; ex. happy life?
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codabiity
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how easily a process can be described in a language
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counterfactual reasoning
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refers to the ability to think hypothetically about a situation that is contrary to fact
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universal grammar
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the tacit knowledge of grammar that underlies all languages
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pronunciation variations
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we know and pronounce words easier because of our tacit knowledge
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derivational rules
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rules for combining morphemes so that the meaning or grammatical category is changed (help + -er, verb to a noun)
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defining features
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se of features used to justify categorization
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mental set
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tendency to rely on well established strategies while problem solving
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TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH
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Speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words
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Well-Defined Problem
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Goal and staring point are clear; know when it's been solved
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Representativeness (Bias)
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An estimate of the likelihood of an event based on the event's representativeness; how similar the event is to the population it came from; whether the event is similar to the process that produce it; Gambler's Fallacy
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nasals (manner of articulation)
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depends on where your tongue is
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free morphemes
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morphemes that can stand alone as a word (help)
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sequence constraints
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with our tacit knowledge we know some combinations of words can't work
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short term store
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information that we attend to and recognize (where information resides when we consciously manipulate information) (coding in terms of speech)
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Beleif Persistence
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A tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence; people tend to try to find reasons why beliefs could still be true, even with contradictory evidence
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continuity view on language evolution
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theories that rely more on primatology, believes that languages evolved gradually from the system of gestures and calls of the ancestors of modern humans, we should be able to see some elements of language ability in other existing primates whose early ancestors we share, do not see a division between communication and thinking abilities in humans and primates, less likely to view language as a separate module, language came about gradually as mental abilities changed, and these changes made possible increasingly sophisticated communication
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affricates (manner of articulation)
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produced by a stop and then a fricative in rapid succession
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