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Definitions |
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Respondent conditioning
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See Classical conditioning.
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Partial reinforcement
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See Intermittent reinforcement.
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cognitivists
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interpret classical and operant conditioning differently from behaviorists
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Trial
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In classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.
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Cognitive Map
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Mental picture of one's enviornment.
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Continuous Reinforcement
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Reinforcing desired response every time it occurs. Best method of reinforcement.
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contiguity theory
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Pavlov; classical conditioning is based on the association in time of the CS prior to the US; rejected by cognitivists
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Law of Effect
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positive consequences are strengthened; annoying or negative consequences are weakened
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classical
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this conditioning makes an association btwn 2 things
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Negative symptoms
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Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech.
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extinction
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the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
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discrimination
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in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
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fixed-ratio schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
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Insight
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Sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem.
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Learning
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A relativley permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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stimulus
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a change in the environment that elicits (brings about) a response
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escape behavior
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takes away the unpleasant stimulus after it has already started
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meat
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this was the UCS in Pavlov's experiment
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secondary enforcer
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reinforcer that are rewarding because we have learned that they are reinforced; things we have learned to value such as praise or the chance to play a video game
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ratio schedules
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variable - more resistance to extinction than fixed schedules, reward based on # of times bar is pressed; fixed - provides reinforcement after a set of numbered responses
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Reinforcement
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An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response.
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Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers
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Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
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generalization
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-the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for similiar stimulus to the conditioned stimulus to give a similar response
ex dog conditioned to salivate to one bell, also responds somewhat to the sound of a different bell
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negative reinforcement
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increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.) (Myers Psychology 8e p. 329)
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modeling
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the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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Positive Reinforcement
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Strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after that response.
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
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Reinforced after a specified time has elapsed.
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trace conditioning
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NS presented first, removed, and then US is presented
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spontaneous recovery
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occurs when a response begins after extinction
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Behavioral learning
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forms of learning that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses
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Latent learning
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Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs.
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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
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A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
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variable interval schedule
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-reinforce the first response after varying time intervals
ex checking phone for txt messages
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Respondent Behavior
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-behavior that occurs as an automatic response to same stimulus
ex salivating in response to meat and alter in response to bell
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higher-order conditioning
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a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)
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Extrinsic Motivation
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Desire to perform a behavior in order to obtain a reward or avoid a punishment.
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neutral stimulus (NS)
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a stimulus that initially does not elicit a response
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partial reinforcement effect
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results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement does
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Avoidance learning
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A conflict situation in which a choice must be made between two unattractive goals.
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fixed interval schedules
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-reinforce the first response after a fixed time period
ex checking if cookies are ready
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unconditioned response (UCR or UR)
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an automatic, involuntary reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
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classical conditioning
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a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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