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Definitions |
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latr
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worship
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k
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kill
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infra-
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below, after
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vowels: [a]
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low
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cosm
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universe, order (ornament)
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ʐ
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voiced retroflex fricative
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assonance
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resemblance of sounds.
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acronyming
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making acronyms from phrases
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VIEWS AGAINST PRESCRIPTION
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-socially constructed-artificial
-arbitrary-split infinitive
-arbitrarily conservative-double negatives, sayest.
-often clunky/pompous-Whom is it for?
-not more logical
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Langue
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idealized system: grammar, patterns, object of study, ideal speaker-hearer
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iatr
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to treat (a disease), heal
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savant
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individual who shows extroadinary skill in one are and is deficient in others
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sounds made without vibration
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voiceless sounds
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prolepsis
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the anticipation of possible objections in order to answer them in advance.
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Cultural or traditional Transmission
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Linguistic information can be passed on from one generation to the next
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Memorization
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Speakers would simply memorize some (mysterious) relationship between sentences and meaning based on the look-up table.
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function
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the relationship between the noun phrases to the verb and other words/word groups in the sentences
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aphasia
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language disfunction as result of brain injury
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RHYTHM
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Arrangement of stress in natural speech.
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receives and identifies auditory signals and converts them into an interpretable form
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auditory cortex
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telegraphic speech
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speech lacking functional categories and bound morphemes
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Eckert Results
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• Results: burnouts lowered the vowel, showed that the category affiliation was a significant predictor of phonological variation, but parents’ socioeconomic class is not.
• Bottom-up approach
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sign
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a conventional or arbitrary mark, figure, or symbol used as an abbreviation for the word or words it represents.
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quantifiers
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words such as many and few
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Rule-Governed
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A charac. of language meaning the structure is made according to a set of rules the syntax of a language
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auxiliaries
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forms of be, have, do; modals; quasi-modals; phrasal modals
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Harmony
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constraint on a word form that requires all of a word or a certain part of a word to agree in the presence of some particular gesture.
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lexicon
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a dictionary, an inventory of a language's signs
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Pejoration
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Word with a neutral meaning \"gay\" has the meaning changes to a derogatory meaning. \"pig\" for cops
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function words
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represent a grammatical function. ex the, of, it, he. also called the "closed class"
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Lingua Franca
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a standard language used for communication between speakers of different languages
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MAXIMS OF QUANTITY
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Components of the cooperative principle, literally, "Make your contributions as informative as required"; "Do not make your contribution more informative than is required."
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subjective rules for how language should be spoken or written
often modeled after Latin and Greek
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prescriptive grammar
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phonetic determinative
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provides info about the pronunciation of the corresponding morpheme
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southern shift
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The systematic change in pronunciation of vowels in the southern states of the united states
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antonyms
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Words that are opposite with respect to one of their semantic properties, e.g., tall/short are both alike in that they describe height, but opposite in regard to the extent of the height. See gradable pair, complementary pair, relational opposites.
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euphemism
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the substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt.
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literacy
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the quality or state of being literate, esp. the ability to read and write.
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phonology
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the study of the distribution and patterning of speech sounds in a language and of the tacit rules governing pronunciation.
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utterance
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any speech sequence consisting of one or more words and preceded and followed by silence
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aspiration
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the amount of air that is produced upon the release of a stop
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Affixes
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are never words by themselves but are always parts
of words.
ex) –ish, -ness, -ly, dis-, trans-, un-, pre-, etc.
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Verb Phrase
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Verb - (Noun Phrase or Adjative Phrase) - (Prepositional Phrase)A verb phrase must contain a verb. The verb may be followed by a noun phrase, an adjative phrase, or neither. The verb phrase may end in a prepositional phrase but need not.
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replacement
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a group may ordinarily be replaced by a single wordex. I said I liked it. --> I said nothing
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According to X' theory, what is innate?
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-principles-X' structure
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• Lay vs. Technical
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o Lay: language patterns used to communicate in any informal way
o Technical language: language needed to complete a specific task
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CONJUGATE
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VERB FORM OF A WORD THAT INDICATES TENSE, MOOD, VOICE (ACTIVE OR PASSIVE), ASPECT, PERSON (FIRST, SECOND, OR THIRD), AND NUMBER
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Prefix
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-affix appearing at the beginning of a word
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CENTRAL VOWEL
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most common vowel in English, formed in the center of the mouth, as in "but" and the first syllable of "about"; IPA represents the ___ differently when it appears in stressed syllables and unstressed syllables. In stressed syllables it is indicated by a wedge, and in unstressed syllables, it is indicated by a schwa.
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basilect
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a creole variety that shows the lease influence from the standard language from which it arose
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nasal sound
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Speech sound produced with an open nasal passage (lowered velum), permitting air to pass through the nose as well as the mouth, e.g., /m/. See oral sound.
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climax
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a figure consisting of a series of related ideas so arranged that each surpasses the preceding in force or intensity.
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semantic field
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an area of human experience or perception that is delimited and subcategorized by a set of interrelated vocabulary
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implicational universals
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if a language has a particular construction, it is also likely to have further predictable characteristics
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Learnability
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we are able to learn the languages of other human groups and even other animals
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Pidgins & Creoles
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pidgin - these are languages that typically come into being in trading centers or in areas under industrialization
creole language- a language that developed from contact between speakers of different languages and that serves as the primary means of communication for particular groups of speakers
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recursion
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a loop in a phraseex. a sentence with in a sentenceex. a noun phrase within a noun phrase
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affix, prefix, suffix, infix
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Bound morphemes that change the meaning or syntactic function of the words to which they are attached.
Pre-, -in-, -suf.
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Drunk Gets Nine Monhts in Violin Case (lexical or structural ambiguity?)
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lexical (case)
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individuals must learn some or all of the communication system through interaction with other individuals
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cultural transmission
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spatial metaphors
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use of a word that is primarily associated with spatial orientation to talk about physical and psychological states
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catachresis
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misuse or strained use of words, as in a mixed metaphor, occurring either in error or for rhetorical effect.
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oxymoron
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a figure of speech by which a locution produces an incongruous, seemingly self-contradictory effect, as in "cruel kindness" or "to make haste slowly."
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corpus linguistics
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the study and use of computerized data bases for linguistics research
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language acquistion is
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viewed as an inductive process only in limited respects
it is full of mental strategies
for analyzying and acquiring language
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MC - Back Formation
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worker : work :: burglar : burgle
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HARD PALATE
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front surface of the roof of the mouth leading forward to the alveolar ridge and back to the soft palate.
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synecdoche
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a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for a part, the special for the general or the general for the special, as in ten sail for ten ships or a Croesus for a rich man.
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Hopi Concept of Time
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Whorf noticed that Hopi does not have inflections for tense on the verb (as in English in -ed to indicate past, walked), concludes that speakers of Hopi don't care about telling the differences between past, present and future, they only care about the process of change itself.
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place of articulation
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The part of the vocal tract at which constriction occurs during the production of consonants. See manner of articulation.
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Operating Principles of First Lanugage Acquisition
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pay attention ot order of wrds in utterances
pay attention to the order of morphemes in words
pay particular attention to word endings(inflections)
Focus on consistent relationships between expression and content
Look for generalizations
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