| Terms |
Definitions |
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-ine
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A
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Semantics
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Meaning
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con-/co-
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together, with
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Gradable Antonyms
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Big/Small
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sub-
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under, down, secondary
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ŋ
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ring (the ng)
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pronominal
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pertaining to pronouns
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glide
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approximant subclass; you, wine
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[Ê]
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-v alveo-palatal fricative'shoe' 'share' 'shower'
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Holistic
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Is concerned with seeing the whole picture, with finding all the parts of the human puzzles, and putting
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Bound Morphemes
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cannot stand alone: fel-,dent-,un-,'ll
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i, e, o, u
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tense vowels
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HEIGHT
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distinctive feature of vowels determined by the relative position (high, low, or mid) of the tongue when producing the sound.
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infinitesimal
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indefinitely or exceedingly small; minute:
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Arbitrariness
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There is no intrinsic relationship between the form of a meaningful unit of a language (a word) and the concept for which the unit stands
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Color Terms
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According to Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, the difference in color terms that people perceive color spectrum differently. But this is clearly wrong because people use MODIFIERS to distinguish different colors.
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nasal
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a consonant pronounced through the nosemost common: stops, in English specifically
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circumfixes
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morphemes that are partially attached before and after another morpheme. known as "discontinuous morpheme"
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HYPONYM
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Word semantically subordinate to a hypernym or superordinate and semantically parallel to other words subordinate to the same term; for instance, car, bus, bicycle, and motorcycle al all_____ under vehicle; thier semantic relationship to one another, as well as to their hypernym, is called hyponymy.
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made by obstructing the airstream completely in oral cavity
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stops
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performance
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actual language use in particular situations
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3 types of utterances
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assertion, question, order/request
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cognize
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to perceive; become conscious of; know.
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displacement
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communication about things that are absent-humans and bees
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Productivity
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"openness" the ability to express new things, to say what has never been said before or what does not even exist
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Descriptive Adequacy
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Part of Behaviorismmuch more concerned about what describing what actually is than why.Describe what we observe.Doesn’t describe how we arrive at things.Not concerned with internal processes only external manifestations
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Two Word Stage
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example: Daddy come, Shoe mine
happens at 20 months
across different cultures, many children do it
shows expression and context
more content than the one word
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synonym
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words with similar or same meanings within a languageex. sick and ill
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Antecedent
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the noun phrase that introduces the referent a pronoun refers to.
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[t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]
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alveolars
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clipping
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shortening of a polysyllabic word by deleting a syllable or a number of syllables
prof (professor)
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word substitutions
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shows lexicon isn't like dictionary but has complex network type structure
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what a word sounds like when spoken
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form
(meaning)
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gender-exclusion
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a type of social differentiation in which the use of some linguistic forms depends on the gender of the speakers
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palatalization
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the effect that front vowels and palatal guide [j] typically have on velar, alveolar, and dental stops, making their place of articulation more palatal
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phonetic alphabet
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Alphabetic symbols used to represent the phonetic segments of speech in which there is a one-to-one relationship between each symbol and each speech sound.
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hypallage
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the reversal of the expected syntactic relation between two words, as in "her beauty's face" for "her face's beauty."
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alliteration
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the commencement of two or more stressed syllables of a word group either with the same consonant sound or sound group
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language death
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the complete displacement of one language by another in a population of speakers
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language planning
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when the government or education authority attempts to manipulate the linguistic situation in a particuler direction
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intonation contour
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the overall pitch of an utterance, sometimes represented by a line drawn over the utterance that traces the change in pitch
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Phonological units.
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Complex messages made up of smaller, discrete and manipulable parts.
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contrastivealso phonemic
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not required by neighboring phones in an utterance not determined by the individuality of the speakerassociated with morphemes as form to meaningdistinguish or contrast meanings
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ʌ / ɔ
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open mid back unrounded / rounded
[ʌ] - "bud", "hut"
[ɔ] - "hawed", "bawd", "cawed"
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Issues
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Rich points that you need to build frames for, and the frames carry you into a sophisticated appreciation of where you are and who you're talking with that travels well beyond any particular speech act
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ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
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In speech act theory, intended or conventional meaning that can accompany a locutionary act within the compass of an utterance.
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Inflection
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-Tone in which a word is spoken, conveys meaning.
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split brain experiments
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studies that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum
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ethnography of communication
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a methodology for analyzing discourse that uses the approach that anthropologists might use to study other cultural institutions such as medical or religious practices
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inflectional bound morpheme
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indicates things like tense, case, number, gender
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aporia
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the expression of a simulated or real doubt, as about where to begin or what to do or say.
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semantic field
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an area of human experience or perception that is delimited and subcategorized by a set of interrelated vocabulary
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trace
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when something is moved and seems to leave a notion of its previous placement,
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Ferdinand de Saussure
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Langue / parole (language / speech). Sign = signifier + signified. Father of modern linguistics. Structuralism.
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Language Centers
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in the left hemispehere of the brain the language has the language wernicke's area and broca's area
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supersegmental qualitiesAKA prosodies
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qualities which are spread over more than one phone- length, stress, and pitch
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teaching grammar
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a set of language rules written to help speakers learn a foreign language or a different dialect of their language
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OBJECT-COMPLEMENT VERB
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VERB THAT CONNECTS A COMPLEMENT TO AN OBJECT, AS IN 'WE GIVE YOU LOTS OF EXAMPLES"
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Linguistic competence.
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What a speaker needs to know to produce all the grammatical (well-formed) sentences, and none of the ungrammatical (ill-formed) sentences.
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contralateral
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the control of the right side of the body by the left side of the brain and vice versa
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hyperbaton
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the use, esp. for emphasis, of a word order other than the expected or usual one, as in "Bird thou never wert."
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assimilation
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the change of a speech sound such that it becomes more similar to another sound, usually a neighboring one.
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Parietal lobe
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The lobe of the brain that lies behind th central sulcus and above the temporal lobe.
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LEXICAL GAP
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Blank space in a lexicon, such that a concept lacks a word in a particular language to represent it.
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Maxim of Quantity
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do not make your contribution more or less informative than required
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generative phonology
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a theory of phonology that uses a set of rules to derive phonetic representations from abstract underlying forms
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How do children acquire the sounds of language?
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poo for spoon
pronunciations
2 months, infants react differently to speech sounds
and recoginize voices
age 1 has recognizable words
list of sounds shrings and the inventory gradually grows biggers
12-18 months children get about 50 words
24 months- m, n, b,d, g, p,t,k,f,s,h,w
3 years-j and nj
four years- m n fricatives,
later more complex syllable structures and consonant cluster also lies ahead.
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Phonology - McGurk effect
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multiple factors play a role in how we hear both auditory and visual features act as cues shaping our interpretation
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raising or lowering body of tongue
advancing or retracting the body of the tongue
rounding or not rounding lips
making movements with a tense or lax gesture
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ways to change vocal tract and vowel quality
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