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Definitions |
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TAG
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triacylglycerols
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beta-oxidation
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fatty acid--(to)-->Acetyl CoA
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precursor of neuronal fatty acids
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EPA
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Adiponectin
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abundantly secreted hormone by adipocytes
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B12 Deficiency causes an accumulation of what molecules? x2
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Methylmalonyl-CoAHomocyteine5-MethylTHF
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Usually, Beta oxidation of 1 saturated FFA molecule will lead to how many CO2's?
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16 CO2
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cholesterol that is not ester linked to a fatty acid chain. Instead it just has a -OH group at carbon 3 where the fatty would be attached if it were CE.
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http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/jrobertus/ch339k/overheads-2/ch11_cholesterol.jpg
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stimulates pyruvate carboxylase if need to make more Acetyl CoA bc that makes oxaloacetate into citrate, and citrate provides carbons for FA synthesis
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Regulation by INSULIN
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formation of lipid(s)
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stimulated by: insulininhibited by: cortisol, epinephrine
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What must happen for hormone sensitive lipase to act?
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Phosphorylation of perilipin
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What organ in the body synthesizes the most cholesterol available to the whole body?
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Liver
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ketone bodies
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Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat instead of the sugar glucose for energy. The ketone bodies -- acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate -- are toxic acidic chemicals. They build up in the blood and then spill over into the urine. The body can also rid itself of acetone through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor.
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What is perilipin?
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Protein that coats the lipid droplets in adipocytes
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What are the major lipid classes?
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Triacylglycerol, phospholipids, and sterols
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docosahexaenoic acid (fish oil)
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leads to optimal neuronal development in infants
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sub-category of lypolysis (2nd step)
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happens in the mitochondrial matrix
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What are the fish oil fatty acids?
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Linolenic, Eicosapentaenoic (EPA), Docosahaxaenoic (DHA)
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deficiency leads to:poor growth, poor wound healing, and dermatitis in persons on fat free diets
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Essential fatty acids required for:
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the Acetyl CoA goes on to the Kreb's Cycle-ETS
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triglyceride hydrolysis
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Where would you find Carnitine Acyltransferase I?
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On the cytoplasmic face of mitochondria.
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1st step in lypolysis (breaking down fats)
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triglyceride--> glycerol & fatty acids
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What are the generalized sequence of events that occurs with triglyceride breakdown?
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1. Intracellular cAMP INCREASES and ACTIVATES protein kinase A.2. Phosphorylation and activation of hormone sensitive lipase.3. Degradation of triglyceride to free fatty acids and glycerol.
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No, because cholesterol can be synthesized in the body.
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Dietary cholesterol is found in what form?
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AMPK activation leads to uptake of fatty acids and glucosePPAR leads to enhanced fatty acid uptake
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However, secretion is reduced as adipocytes get larger
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Of the following 3, saturated, trans, mufa/pufa, which FA's look the most like eachother? Why?
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Trans and saturated fatty acids. They don't have a bend in their structure, the only difference is that a trans fatty acid has a double present.
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conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA
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rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis
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What is the overall point in transferring fatty acid to mitochondria?
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To degrade the long fatty acyl-CoA in to Acetyl CoA. Then, feed Acetyl-CoA into the TCA and make ATP in ETC
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Most common fatty acids in food fats, oils, and human plasma?
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Palmitic (most fats and oils), oleic (most fats and oils: olive oil), Linoleic (most vegetable oils), arachidonic (vegetable oils)
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What is needed for beta oxidation of monoUNSATURATED fatty acid?
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An isomerase to convert the cis bond to trans.
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(hormonal regulation)
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insulinglucagonepinephrine
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Triglyceride breakdown requires the stimulation from what molecules?
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GlucagonEpinephrine
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citrate and palmitoyl CoA
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Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation regulation of ACC
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triglyceride
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preferred form of storing fats
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Ketoacidosis can alter what?
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Heme functions Oxygen transport
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Under low glucose levels, the brain uses what for food?
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ketones
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What is the second most active cholesterol synthesizing organ?
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Intestine
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major storage form of fuel
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Synthesis of VLDL
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In the fasted state, what happens with epinephrine?
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Goes up.
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What are the most common phospholipids?
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serine, ethanolamine, choline
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Induction/repression of ACC
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up-regulated by high carb/low fat diet
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lipid metabolism
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-extremely low rate-high yield of ATP production (~100 per triglyceride)-EXTREMELY oxygen dependent
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What are the presentations of Carnitine deficiency? x 4
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1. Hypoketotic Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy.2. Cardiomyopathy3. Myopathy4. GI Dysmotility
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subunits serve as biotin carboxylase, a transcarboxylase, and a biotin carboxyl carrier protein
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Allosteric regulation of ACC
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down regulated by low carb/high fat diet
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Fatty acid elongation
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"When life gives you propionyl-CoA, make".....what?
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A TCA intermediate (Succinyl CoA)
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Further fatty acid elongation
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if you need chain longer than Palmitate (16C)
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B12 deficiency can cause the same kind of anemia as what other disorders? x2
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1. Oroticaciduria I2. Oroticaciduria II
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must "prime" or activate chainPalmitate activated by condensing w/ CoA to form Palmitoyl CoA
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elongation of chain occurs by addition of 2 Carbon fragments from Malonyl CoA
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Describe the steps in fatty acid transport to mitochondria. x 4
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1. Formation of fatty acy-CoA.2. Transfer to carnitine to form fatty acyl-carnitine3. Facilitated diffusion via acyl-carnitine/carnitine transporter.4. Transfer back to CoA inside mitochondria.
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What parts are effected by Carnitine deficiency? x 3
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1. CNS2. Skeletal muscle3. Cardiac muscle
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occurs at fatty acid synthase complex
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2 carbons of malonyl CoA sequentially added to growing fatty acyl chain to form Palmitate (16:0)
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What is needed for beta oxidation of polyUNSATURATED fatty acid?
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Need a reductase and an isomerase.
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also occurs in brain, kidneys, adipose tissue
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components are located in cytoplasm: enzymes, acyl carrier proteins, co-factors, reducing power, energy-ATP
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What kind compound of compound is a phospholipid? (hint: how does it interact with its environment)
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amphipathic molecule, it acts like a \"detergent\"
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Linoleic acid : (18:2, double bonds at 9,12)
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Linolenic acid (18:3, double bonds at 9,12,15)
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Addition of each fatty acid on a glycerol requires what kind of energy expenditure?
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Two high energy bonds (total of 6 ATP)
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What are the other names for the essential n-3 and n-6 fatty acids?
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n-3 is called linolenic and n-6 is called linoleic
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