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Definitions |
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vocalis muscle AKA
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Thyroarytenoid
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name the different vocal registers.
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pulse
modal
falsetto
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What are the psychological representations of changes made by laryngeal adjustments?
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pitch
loudness
quality
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What is jitter?
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a frequency perturbation.
aka
cycle-to-cycle variations in the frequency of vf vibrations
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What is the speed of sound?
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34,000 cm/sec
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Name the vocal fold abductors.
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posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
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Hearing science equations:
wavelength =
frequency =
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wavelength = speed of sound/frequency
frequency = speed of sound/wavelength
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If the opening to a resonant cavity gets larger the RF _______.
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Increases
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Explain 'resonance curve'
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the relative amplitude of forced vibrations as a function of frequency
(learn more about this!!!)
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If the volume of a resonant cavity gets smaller, the RF will ______.
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increase
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what adjusts the tension, length and stiffness of the vocal fold
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cricothyroid muscles
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What are harmonics?
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Fundamental frequency + whole # multiples of the fundamental frequency.
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Name the major cartilages of the larynx:
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Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoids (2)
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how do we describe vowels?
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tongue height
tongue advancement
lip rounding
mandibular opening
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greater tension and stiffness = _______
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higher fundamental frequency
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What would be an abnormal measurement of shimmer?
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above 0.5dB
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What are the two types of resonators?
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mechanical and acoustic
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Define 'resonant frequency'
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the frequency at which an object freely vibrates
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List the consonant characteristics.
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-voiced or voiceless (w/ sound generator in vocal tract and/or by vfs)
-vocal tract completely closed or constricted
-rapid movement of articulators
-shorter duration
-less intense
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What are the primary active forces controlling medial compression?
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Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
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What are the moveable articulators?
fixed?
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moveable: tongue, lips, velum, pharyngeal wall
fixed: teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate
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list the vowel characteristics (in comparison to consonants... don't list consonants... you'll do that soon enough!)
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voiced
relatively open vocal tract
slow movements for tract shaping
long duration
more intense
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what are the vocal tract cavities?
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pharynx
oral cavity
nasal cavity
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what is a resonator?
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something that is set into forced vibration by another vibration
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What adducts the vocal folds?
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The lateral cricoarytenoids and the interarytenoid muscles
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explain the pulse register.
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- very low fun-o... 'glottal fry'.
-vf tightly closed, lax free borders, long closed time, biphasic closure, requires 2 cmH20 rdp
-below 70Hz, you can perceive the 'temporal gap' and bursts of acoustic energy, thus the "pulse"
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What are the two functions of the larynx?
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biological valve
sound generator
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Why is it called a "quarter-wave resonator"?
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Because "the lowest resonant frequency has a wavelength four times the length of the tube"
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what are the characteristics of a multimodal resonator?
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1. contains several resonant peaks/resonant frequencies
2. responds to several frequencies but attenuates others
3. the physical characteristics of the resonator (ie size and shape) determines the RF
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What is the difference between vertical phase difference and longitudinal phase difference?
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vertical phase difference: Because the tissue layers are mechanically linked and the aerodynamic forces are affecting them, the vfs open from the inferior margins up to the superior margins. Then, inertial and aerodynamic forces cause the inferior margin to close first, mechanically dragging the upper margins along.
The Longitudinal phase difference is the nonsimultaneous opening and closing of the vfs in the anterior-posterior direction whereby they open from posterior to anterior and close from anterior to posterior like a zipper.
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the vocal tract is a __________ and a ___________.
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variable resonator
and
sound source
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Intensity is controlled by regulating what?
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Subglottal pressure via the increase and decrease of medial compression of the vfs... specifically more forcefully contracting the lateral cricoarytenoids and the interarytenoid
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Define 'minimum-maximum intensity at various fun-o levels'.
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at a person's midrange of frequency they should be able to vary their intensity by 20-30 dB from min-max.
*produce 'ah' quietly and loudly
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Describe the characteristics of the 'loft' voice.
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-Falsetto... a very high fun-o
-long, stiff vfs; thin edge, somewhat bowed
-cover is lax; ligament tensed (just edges involved... not body)
-incomplete closure due to increased stiffness.
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Define 'maximum frequency range'.
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It is the range of pitch flexibility that the normal voice presents during conversation.
Adults on average have a frequency range of around two octaves.
Speech w/o this pitch flexibility would sound monotonous.
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define an 'acoustic resonator'.
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when a volume of air in a container (ie the vocal tract) is set into vibration
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what are the characteristics of a broadly tuned resonator?
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1. can transmit several frequencies efficiently
2. responds quickly to applied frequencies
3. highly damped
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Define 'maximum phonation time'.
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It is the longest period of time that a person can sustain a vowel in one breath.
Adult 15-25 sec
Child 10 sec
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Explain the 'rolling' or 'falling off' rate on a Lx.
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The amplitude presented will decrease at a systematic rate of 12 dB per octave.
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Describe the layered configuration of the vocal folds
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increasing stiffness of layers in a transverse direction (from epithelium to the vocalis)
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explain the physical characteristics of the modal register.
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vfs have slack cover and stiffer body that is involved in vibration. (cover-body model)
closed portion of cycle is about 50%
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Name and describe the structural layers of the vocal folds.
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1. Epithelium - thin, tough capsule; helps maintain vf shape
2. Superficial lamina propria - (Reinke's space) loose & pliable/ primarily elastic fibers
3. Intermediate lamina propria - less flexi/mostly elastic fibers but more densely packed than in superficial lamina propria
4. Deep Lamina Propria - somewhat stiffer than intermediate lp; mostly collagenous fibers
5. Vocalis muscle - stiffest layer/striated muscle fibers
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what are the characteristics of a narrowly tuned resonator?
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1. transmits a narrow range of frequencies
2. responds slowly to driving frequencies
3. lightly damped
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The vocal ligament is made up of _____________ +_____________.
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the intermediate + deep lamina propria.
AKA - Transition
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The 'quality' of a voice is associated with...?
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the harmonics in the complex signal
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Where are the following generated and shaped:
vowels
voiced consonants
voiceless consonants
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vowels - generated at larynx but shaped by vocal tract
voiced consonants- generated at larynx and shaped in vocal tract
voiceless consonants- generated and shaped in vocal tract
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How is the intensity of the voice controlled?
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By more forcefully contracting the adductor muscles (interarytenoids and lateral cricoarytenoids) we can decrease or increase the medial compression of the vfs, thus altering the level of subglottal pressure. If the vfs have a stronger and longer "closed time", more subglottal pressure is needed to blow apart the vfs
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There are multiple ways that the vfs are designed for vibration. Name them.
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1. progressive density and stiffness of the layers (complex mechanical vibrator system
2. most of the tissue fibers run in an anterior to posterior direction (parallel to the vf margins)
3. Even the blood vessels primarily run longitudinally in the medial portions of the vf superficial layers
OR
It is a complex mechanical vibrator system w/ most tissue fibers running parallel to the vf margins. Even the blood vessel run longitudinally in medial portion of the vf superficial layers
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Describe the Cover-Body Model of Vocal Fold vibration.
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The vf is layered w/ increasing stiffness in a transverse direction from the pliable cover at the midline out to the vocalis muscle. This layered configuration of cover (epi;sup lp), transition (int;dp lp) and body (vocalis) creates an impedance matching phenomenon in which the aerodynamic energy is more easily imparted to the vocal folds to be transformed into the kinetic energy of vibration. This wave-like motion of the cover is essential to normal phonation.
1. layered configuration
2. aerodynamic energy more easily imparted to vf
3. wave-like motion essential to norm phonation
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What is the function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles?
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to control the position of the larynx in terms of height
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What are the two functions of the articulators?
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1. to alter the shape and length of the vocal tract
2. serve as a sound source above the vocal folds
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