MGMT TEST 2
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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for MGMT TEST 2

Terms Definitions
Hierarchy Chain of command
important activities/outcomes, needed when high uncertainty exists values
Ability the relatively stable capabilities people have to perform a range of different but related activities
economies of scale, control, consistent with pure global strategy, tariff barriers, transportation costs exporting
filtering is the intentional distortion of information to make it appear most favorable to the recipient
adjourning members experience anxiety and other emotions as they disengage and ultimately separate from the team
nonsubstitutable __ capabilities are capabilities that do not have strategic equivalents. two valuable firm resources are strategically equivalent when they each can be separately exploited to implement the same strategy
Negotiation Informal, air differences to each other, make offers and counter-offers, no third party involved.
performance prove orientation demonstration of competence motivation; focus on demonstrating competence so that others think favorably of them
diverstiture selling off/getting out of a business
cusomer org-cons duplication of functional resources for each customer unit, diff. to coordinate etween customer units and corp obj, fal to use tech and other strentghts across units
Intellectual property generated by a person's creative activities
organization change any substantive modification to some part of the organization
conflict triangle Conflicting parties involve a third person rather than dealing directly with each other.
additive tasks the contributions resulting from the abilities of every member "add up" to determine team performance
Organizational culture System of shared values, assumptions, beliefs, and norms that unite the members of an organization   Visible culture – observer can hear, feel, and see Expressed values – not readily observed but instead are the ways managers and employees explain and justify actions and decisions Core values – widely shared, operate unconsciously, and are considered nonnegotiable Importance of culture – determine competitiveness of organization, determinant of worker commitment and loyalty, differentiate organization in labor market  
Glass ceiling an invisible barrier that separates women and minorities from top management positions
assessment centers a technique for selecting individuals with high managerial potential based on their performance on a series of stimulated managerial tasks
Effective Strategies Take advantage of strengths; minimize disadvantages posed by weaknesses
goal setting theory argues that assigning employees specific and difficult goals will result in higher level sof performance than ssigning no goals, easy goals, or do your best ogals
Humane Orientation The culture encourages and rewards members for being generous, caring, kind, fair, and altruistic.
local knowledge, shared cost and risk, potential conflict between parties, political risk, shared profits joint venture
Exit interview an interview conducted with departing employees to determine the reasons for their termination.
rewards innovation should be rewarded in ways that matter
job design is the allocation of specific work tasks to individuals and groups
Controllable turnover (avoidable) voluntary on part of employee-result of poor selection decisions-result of failure to address job satisfaction/dissatisfaction issues
anticipatory stage a stage of socialization that begins as soon as a potential employee develops an image of what it would be like to work for a company
Risk a situation in which a decision has clear-cut goals, and good information is available, but the future outcomes associated with each alternative are subject to chance
trespassing defenses enters to assist someone in danger even if the other person is a trespasser trespasser enters to protect property still a trespasser but has a defense
job specification an outline of the knowledge, skills, education, and physical abilities needed to adequately perform a job
Work Related Hinderances 1. Role Conflict2. Role Ambiguity3. Role Overload
justice; ethics trust in authorities depends on two related concepts:
action team perform complex tasks that vary in duration and take place in highly visible or challenging circumstances
marketing objectives statement of what is to be accomplished thru marketing activites that match trengths to opportunities and provide for conversation of weakness to strength
360-degree feedback a process that uses multiple raters, including self-rating, to appraise employee performance and guide development.
What is Stereotyping? The process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute (e.g. Gender and/or Race) Stereotyping may cost the organization valuable talent, violate federal anti-bias laws, and is likely unethical.
job satisfaction is the degree to which an individual feels positively or negatively about a job
LAMP model: Logic The "story" that connects numbers and outcomes. EX: service-value profit framework
task interdependence refers to the degree to which team members interact with and rely on other team members for the information, materials and resources needed to accomplish work for the team
consultative style OB ON SCREEN. In the film Thirteen Days, JFK uses the __________ style of leadership.
Polycentric Managers Take the view that the native managers in foreign offices best understand native personnel and practices, and so the home office should leave them alone.
product line a group of products that are closely related because they function in a similar manner, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through the same types of outlets, or fall within given price ranges
related diversification moving into a new business that is related to the company's existing business activities
7 tactics to influence others Use rational persuasionmake people like yourely on the rule of reciprocity.develop alliesbe assertive-ask for what you wantmake use of higher authorityreward the behaviors you want
What is Pregnancy Discrimination Act? Specifically outlaws discrimination on the basis of pregnancy.
Minor's obligation on disaffirmance 1.) Generally, if a minor disaffirms, each paty must bake restitution by returning the consideration received from the other party. 2.) MMajority view: minor musto nly return goods that are in minor's possession or control. Even if goods are damaged, minor has right to disaffirm. Minority rule: if goods are damaged, the minor is required to compensate adult with a "reasonable" amount.
Another approach to Job Analysis: Competency Models -Identification of variables related to overall organization fit and personality characteristics consistent with org's vision/values-Difference btwn competency models and Job analysis? Tends to understand an org's business context and strategy to establish competency requirmentds.
resource similarity __ is the extent to which the firm's tangible and intangible resources are comparable to a competitor's in terms of both type and amount. firms with similar types and amounts of resources are likely to have similar strengths and weaknesses and use similar strategies.
ability, benevolence, integrity dimensions of the track record of an authority
explain the differences of the different generations of nurses? (4 levels) 1. traditional-value loyalty and respect authority 2. baby boomers-value professional and personal growth and expect that they work with make a difference 3. generation x- desire pos work environment and independence 4. millenials-savy, responsible, and confident, contribute to collective good
What is the "cretaive individual"? Many creative individuals were reared in creative environments. Creative persons have personal traits of openness, an attraction to complexiy, high levels of energy, independence, autonomy, strong self-confidence, and a strong belief in their own creativity.
Equal Pay Act of 1963 Act was passed after Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. Equal Pay Act required that men and women working for the same establishment be paid the same rate of pay for work that is equal in skill, effort, responsibilit, and working conditions. However, pay differentials are legal if based on seniority, merit, systems that measure quality/quantity of work, or any factor other than sex (completion of training program)*To correct: emplyers must raise the rate of lower paid employees not lower the rate of higher-paid employees.
focus strategy a __ strategy is when a a firm uses its core competencies to serve the needs of a particular industry segment or niche to the exclusion of others
factors of international market attractiveness population, total and per capita GNP, economic stability, elgal system, geographic proximity, trade barriers, transportation, consumer behavior, competition, political stability, cultural access, support a rapid expansion into foreign markets, probability of losing a current technological advantage
What is Performance feedback? Is best given in a private meeting between the employee and immediate supervisor. It includes assesed level of perforamnce, how and why the assessment was made, and how the employee's performance can be improved in the future.
Total Turnover cost can easily surpass annual salary 41% annaual salary of frontline employee176% annual salary of IT professional241% of middle manager
Five factors of motivation in jobs   Skill variety - variety of skills required Task identity - worker having to perform all tasks Task significance - significance for company's performance Autonomy - ability to guide own actions and schedule Feedback - ability to understand efficacy of task completion  
how could you create an internal development of new products? By developing products and services within the boundaries of traditional business operatons.
5 Types of Contracts that must meet the statute of frauds requirements 1.) Contracts involving interests in land. 2.) The 'one-year' rule. 3.) Collateral Promises. 4.) Promises made in consideration of marriage. 5.) Contracts for the sale of goods.
What two separate rules apply to counteroffers under the UCC? One governs merchants and the other governs nonmerchant transactions. What happens to addition of contract terms for nonmerchant
What are other forms of Departmentalization? Goruping by specific units of time, by sequence, by a characteristcs of the customer, product, or service.
What recent case refines limits on Federal authority and when was it decided? US v. Morrison (case 4.1) it was decided in 2000.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title 7): 6 exemptions from book 1. elected officials & appointees or preemployment inquiries2. Bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs): Discrimination is permisable if a prohibited factor (such as gender) is "reasonably necessar to the operation of the particular business" ex: sperm donors---> burden of proof shifts to employer however to demonstrate this.3. seniority systems4. testing (test can be used but if it shows adverse impact the employer must show that it is valid and job related), 5. preferential treatment6. national security (discrimination is permitted when it is necessary to protect national security if members of groups aim to overthrow US govern.)
What is the first step in any appeal of an administrative law decision? The first step in an appeal of an ALJ decision is not to a court but to an agency itself. (parties dont usually go immediately to court)
AustriaBelgiumBulgariaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreece HungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaNetherlandsPolandPortugalRomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUK CAFTA (7)
Appellate court appeal previous court decisions
Inputs The people, money, information, equipment, and materials requried to produce an organization's goods or services.
summary fb w/ multiple occurrencesunder secondary
entrepreneurship the process of planning, organizing, operating, and assuming the risk of a business venture
language reflects the jargon, slang, and slogans used within the walls of an organization
Cognitive ability capabilities related to the acquisition and application of knowledge in problem solving
groups form common interests, geographic, common backgrounds, common goals, common cultural similarity, common needs
satisficing results when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative consdiered
cooperative action good for both organizations contracting
project manager person responsible for coordinating the activities of several departments on a full-time basis for the completion of a specific project
trustworthiness the characteristics or attributes of a truestee that inspire trust
Contemporary Management Perspective A. The Systems Perspective The Contingency Perspective Contemporary Management Challenges and Opportunities
Social contract the unwritten, common rules and perceptions about relationships among people and between employees and management
ownership concentration both the number of large-block shareholders and the total percentage of shares they own define __
60% almost __% of the variation in charismatic behavior can be explained by genes
1. unrelated type of very high level diversification
perceptual selectivity the process by which individuals screen and select the various stimuli that vie for their attention
administered VMS a vertical marketing system that coordinates successive stages of production and distribution, not through common ownership or contractual ties, but through the size and power of one of the parties
positive reinforcement used to increase desired behaviors; occurs when a positive outcome follows a desired behavior
experimental research gathering primary data by selecting matched groups of subjects, giving them different treatments, controlling related factors, and checking for differences in group responses
team leadership build trust and teamwork, faciliate and support team decisions, help create a team identity, use conflict to develop better decisions, foresee and influence change
break a task down into smaller subtasks differentiation
Reinforcement Theory explain behavior change by suggesting that the behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated
knowledge management is the process of using intellectual capital for competitive advantage
organization development (OD) an effort that is planned, organization-wide, and managed from the top, intended to increase organizational effectiveness and health through planned interventions in the organizations process, using behavioral science knowledge
internalization occurs when the target agrees with and becomes committed to the influence request
goal-setting theory a motivation theory in which specific, challenging goals increase motivation and performance when the goals are accepted by subordinates and these subordinates receive feedback to indicate their progress toward goal achievement
group two or more people who interact to accomplish individual or mutual goals
threat of new entrants additional production capacity brought by new entrants. unless the demand for a g&s is increasing, additional capacity holds consumers' costs down, resulting in less revenue and lower returns for competing firms. barriers to entry, expected retaliation
Integration Growth Strategy Examples ForwardIntegration Doll maker & mail order firm, Pleasant Co., opened a retail store in Manhattan BackwardIntegration McDonalds acquired a paper cup producer HorizontalIntegration Callaway Golf acquired Top-Flite Golf Company
product concept the idea that consumers will favor products that offer the most quality, performance, and features and that the organization should therefore devote its energy to making continuous product improvements
team task roles behaviors that directly facilitate the accomplishment of team tasks
Streategy AN action managers take to attain a goal of an operation.
Work Process series of related tasks that create value
responsibility the obligation you have to perform the tasks assigned to you
equal employment opportunity is the right to employment and advancement without regard to race, gender, religion, color, or national origin
1971 Griggs v. Duke Power African american Griggs shoveling coal. Cognitive tests and HS diploma not needed. Created shifting burden of proof to employer*Plaintiff in discrimination case must show disparate impact, then employer has burder of proof to defend.
chain of command answers the question of "who reports to whom?" and signifies formal authority relationships
market segmentation __ is the process that clusters people with similar needs into individual and identifiable groups. this answers the "who?" question of business level strategy. customer characteristics are often combined to segment markets into specific groups that have unique needs. demographic factors can also be used to segment markets into generations.
general environment the __ is composed of dimensions in the broader society that influence an industry and the firms within it. there are six segments
work specialization the way in which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs
social forces the aspects of a culture that guide and influence relationships among people-their values, needs, and standards of behavior
Single-use plans plans that are developed to achieve a set of goals that are unlikely to be repeated in the future.
What is an information plan? gives potentatial customers or suppliers information about the company and its product or service
Equal employment opportunity commission the body charged with enforcing Title 7 of the civil rights act of 1964
Defenses to assault and battery 1.) Consent (contact sports). 2.) Self-defense (reasonable necessary force for defense in both real and apparent danger). 3.)Defense of others. 4.) Defense of property (reasonable force).
downsizing __ is a reduction in the number of a firms employees, and sometimes, in the number of its operating units, but it may or may not change the composition of businesses in the company's portfolio
value delivered network the network made up of the company, suppliers, distributors, and ultimately, customers who partner with each other to improve the performance of the entire system
times int earned income before income taxes and int exp / int exp
What are some contingency varables for determining situation favoableness acacording to LPC Theory? Leader-member relations, task structure, Position Power
3 challenges for principals 1. shape the behavior of agents so that they act in accordance with the goals set by principals2. reduce the information asymmetry between agents and principals3. develop mechanisms for removing agents who do not act in accordance wtih the goals of principals and mislead them
ability (drivers of competitive actions and responses) __ relates to each firm's resources and the flexibility they provide. without available resources, the firm lacks this. this will be similar among firms if resources are similar
*Tactical Goals - Goals that define the outcomes that major divisions and departments must achieve in order for the organization to reach its overall goals. (Mid-term) *Operational goals - Specific, measurable results expected from departments, work groups, and individuals within the organization.Operational Plans - Plans developed at the organization's lower levels that specify action steps toward achieving operational goals and that support tactical planning activities.
What is a Type A personality? They are extremely competitive devoted to work, have a strong sense of time urgency. These people have a lot of drive and want to accomplish as much as possible as quickly as possible
Hiring talent to execute business strategy To do this managers need to determine:1) investment that needs to be made to staff each job2) recruit for present job opening or future3)skill levels needed by new hires--> Identifying these establishes a critical link btwn org's business strategy and its HR (and staffing) function.
Rules to get rich in America • have a reasonable income base (about 4% of Americanshave a net worth of $1 million, half with incomes less than$131,000• take compounding seriously early in life ($2,000 a year from age 22 to 65 at 15% equals $6 million, $13 million at 70• save a lot and do it early in life• avoid “irresistible” (frivolous) temptations• take some risks
2 OF THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF EFFICIENCY EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY & CAPITAL PRODUCTIVITY
Study by the Gallup Organization - employee satisfaction and profitable, productive workplace 12 beliefs and outcomes such as profits, productivity, employee retention, and customer loyalty. Work groups that have positive attitudes are 50% more likely to achieve customer loyalty and 44& to produce above avg. profitablity.
How is partnership liability described under the RUPA? - Under the RUPA, partners are jointly and severally liable for all obligations
What is the Central Tendency Erros? occurs when a rate gives all the workers the same rating in order to avoid conflict between workers
Can a partnership exist even if persons involved in a business declare that they are not partners? - a partnership exists even if those involved say they are not partners
. What is express authority? How is express authority given to an agent/employee? -    An employee who is hired by agreement (oral or written) is an agent and has been given express authority to act on behalf of the business
General Culture Types *Fragmented *Mercenary *Communal *Networked
Consideration legally sufficient and bargaind-for consideration must be exchanged for contractual promises
rightsizing intentionally reducing the company's workforce to the point where the number of employees is deemed to be right for the company's current situation
NAFTA north american free trade agreement
The Contingency Perspective a. Classical, behavioral, and quantitative approaches are considered universal perspectives because they try to identify the “one best way” to manage organizations. b. The contingency perspective suggests that universal theories cannot be applied to organizations because each organization is unique. Instead it suggests that appropriate managerial behavior in a given situation depends on, or is contingent on a wide variety of elements.
neglect passive, destructive response in which interest and effort in the job declines
cause in fact actual cause but for test ominoes  
psychological contracts unwritten agreements between employers and employees
negative affectivity dispositional tendency to experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance.
influences on buying decision process situtationalpsychological social
QUALITY-AS-RELIABILITY OCCURS WHEN THE PRODUCT CONSISTENTLY DOES THE JOB IT WAS DESIGNED FOR, DOES IT WELL & RARELY BREAKS DOWN
telecommuting involves working at home or other places using computer links to the office
Adverse Impact (GROUP ORIENTED) when a seemingly neutral employment practice has a disproportionately negative effect on a group protected by the Civil Rights Act. The possibly unintentional result of an innocent act, yet the outcome is still discriminatory.
International dimension the portion of the external environment that represents events originating in foreign countries, as well as opportunities for U.S. companies in other countries
Goal a desired future state that the organization attempts to realize
leader-member exchange theory this theory describes how leader-member relationships develop over time on a dyadic basis. The theory argues that new leader-member relationships are typically marked by a __________ phase, during which a manager describes role expectations to an employee and the employee attempts to fulfill those expectations with his job behaviors
Planning Setting goals and deciding how to achieve them.
substitute a situational variable that makes a leadership style unnecessary or redundant
convenience product a consumer product that customers usually buy frequently, immediately, and with a minimum of comparison and buying effort
cognitive distortion allows you to restore balance mentally, without altering your behavior in anyway
transnational strategy a strategy that combines global coordination to attain efficiency with flexibility to meet specific needs in various countries
disadvantages of teams time, diffusion of responsibility, groupthink, risky shift
7 Leadership Personality Traits 1. Drive 2. Self-ethicacy (self-confidence) 3. Creativity 4. Expertise 5. Intrinsic Motivation 6. Flexibility 7. Honesty/Integrity
coercive power all managers have; results from managers' authority to punish their subordinates
Low context cultures emphasize words to communicate by speaking and writing
organizational design process of deciding how a company should create, use, and combine organizational structure, control system, and culture to pursue a business model successfully1.structure2. control system3. culture
leader-staff teams the leader makes decisions for the team and provides direction and control over members who perform assigned tasks
innovativenes __ is a dimension that reflects a firm's tendency to engage in and support new ideas, novelty, experimentation, and creative processes that may result in new products, services, or technological processes
quality __ exists when the firm's goods or services meet or exceed customers' expectations. a competitor with not much of this can be expected to face declines in sales revenue
demographic segment __ is concerned with a population's size, age structure, geographic distribution, ethnic mix, and income distribution (6 segments)
Steps in Goal Setting 1).Review organization’s mission Do goals reflect the mission? 2).Evaluate available resources Are resources sufficient to accomplish mission? 3).Determine goals Are goals specific, measurable, and timely? 4).Write down goals and communicate Is everybody on same page? 5).Review results What changes are needed in mission, resources, or goals?
role conflict one type of work related hindrance stressor; conflicting expectations that other ppl may have of us
parallel teams only require part time commitment; may deal wit unique issues or that arise only periodically
Entrepreneurial Network An individual brokers between two or more separate individuals or clique networks that would otherwise be unable to communicate
Value Chain Chain of the business process thru which value can be added 1. Resources 2. Materials 3. People/Technology 4. Product 5. Customers Served
radical innovations the creation of products, services, or technologies that replace existing ones
Values are broad beliefs about what is or is not appropriate behavior
1973 McDonnel Douglas vs. Green Created standards for disparate treatment employment discrimination cases.Disparate Treatment:1. Plaintiff is a member of protected class-Plaintiff was qualiftied and applied but not hired-Company continued trying to hire after rejecting plantiff
facilitative style the leader presents the problem to a group of employees and seeks consensus on a solution making sure that his or her own opinion receives no more wight than anyone else's
duty of care arises when person should foresee that conduct would create uneasonable risk of harm to others ex. taret shooting in rural v. urban area can elevate your uty of care: doctors samaritan law-protects those who try to help (statory law)
type B behavior behavior pattern that lacks type A characteristics and include a more balanced, relaxed lifestyle
changes in leadership, m&a's two methods to change a culture
What are Group Decision Making strengths? More complete informationIncreased diversity of viewsHigher quality of decisions (more accuracy)Increased acceptance of solutions
Monoculture a culture that accepts only one way of doing things and one set of values and beliefs.
What is Primary data? information that is extremely current. but takes more time and money to gather.
Overlapping Warranties More than one warranty may be made by a seller in a sales transaction. If multiple warranties are consistent with each other, a buyer can base an action for breach of warranty against the seller based upon all of the warranties; the warranties are construed to be cumulative. // If there are multiple warranties, the intention of the parties will determine which will prevail: 1.) Technical specifications prevail over inconsistent models, samples, or general descriptions. 2.) Samples prevail over inconsistent general descriptions. 3.) The Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose takes precedence over express warranties. 4.) Express Warranties take precedence over implied warranties of title and merchantability.
Negligence Per Se May occur if person violates a statute providing for a criminal penalty and causes another to be injured.
Code of Ethics Consists of a formal written set of ethical standards guiding an organization's actions.
project teams formed to take on one time tasks that are generally complex and require a lot of input from members with different types of training and expertise
What are Rules and Regulations? Standing plans describing exactly how specific activites are to be carried out.
What are Role Structures? The set of defined roles and interreltationshpis among those roles that the group or team members define and accept.
Treating employees as Assets or Investors 1.Assets: staffing focus is on managing costs and controlling the asset (focus on acquiring and deploying labor cheaply & quickly as possible.*low-cost approach to staffing and is unlikely generate a high degree of employee commitment but is effect for org. pursuing a low-cost strategy in which high levels of skills are not required and high levels of turnover are not disruptive or expensive.2. Investors: mutually beneficial relationship where employee is recognized for investing their resources in the org. in exchange for personal ROI*need committed employees, attract top talent, and inspire high performance.
1. in what product markets and businesses should the firm compete 2. how corporate headquarters manage those businesses 2 concerns of corporate-level strategy
model of leadership that describes the relationship between leadership styles and specific organizational situations. Hersey and Blanchard situational theoryFiedler's contingency theoryevans and house path goal theory
What is Profit sharing? It provied a vraying annual bonus to employees based on corporate porfits.
What 1970 Supreme Court case created administrative agency procedures that provide timely due process? Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 253
one factor that increases company value the most is... the people and how they are treated
What is the Malcolm Baldrige Award? Named after a former secretary of commerce, this award is given by the Commerce Department to firms that achieve major quality improvements.
Federal Limitations of the Rights of HDCs (Rule 433) Rule attempts to prevent a consumer from being required to make payment for a defective product to a 3rd party who is an HDC of a promissory note that formed part of the contract with the dealer who sold the defective good.
1. the processes used by the cost leader to produce/distribute its g&s could become obsolete because of competitors' innovations 2.too much focus by the cost leader on cost reductions may occur at the expense of trying to understand customers' perceptions competitive risks of the cost leadership strategy
What is the Conscientiousness Personality trait? the number of goals on which a person focuses. It also is the one quality that is the best indicator of sucess. In an interview always answer the question asked, and ask questions.
So long as limited partners comply with these requirements, what is the limit of their liability? - If limited partners comply with the rules for limited liability, their liability is limited to the amount of their capital contribution
Does one partner have more “say” in the management of the partnership over the others? Does each partner have a right to use partnership property? - Each partner has an equal say in management, and each has a right to use partnership property
E.E.O.C equal employment opportunies commission fights discrimination 
e-Commerce Business exchanges or transactions that occur electronically.
compensation monetary payments and non-monetary goods (benefits, vacations) used to reward employees
Sociocultural dimensions (Hofstede's) Power distanceUncertainty avoidanceindividualism or collectivismmasculinity or femininity
Organizational behavior f. Organizational behavior is a contemporary field focusing on behavioral perspectives on management. It draws on a broad, interdisciplinary base of psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, and medicine. g. Important topics in organizational behavior include job satisfaction, stress, motivation, leadership, group dynamics, organizational politics, interpersonal conflict, and the structure and design of the organizations.
counterproductive behavior employe behaviors that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment
strict libiliaty cunningham v. macneal memorial hospital: under strict liability the defendant is liable whether or not he was at fault in creating that condition or in failing to discover and elminiate it
heuristics shortcut recipes for solving problems, making decisions, estimating quantities, -product of evolution, generally work well, - but are also a source of bias
work team produce goods and provide services
products goods, services, ideas that satisfy customer needs
RESOURCES FINANCIAL, PHYSICAL, SOCIAL OR HUMAN, TECHNOLOGICAL, & ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS THAT ALLOW A COMPANY TO CREATE VALUE FOR ITS CUSTOMERS
conflict is a disagreement over issues of substance and or an emotional antagonism
Order to pay Draft/check. Paid whenever collector says.
Organizational environment all elements existing outside the organization’s boundaries that have the potential to affect the organization
Scenario building looking at trends and discontinuities and imagining possible alternative futures to build a framework within which unexpected future events can be managed
leadership grid a two dimensional leadership theory that measures the leader's concern for people and for production
arbitration occurs when a third party determines a binding settlement to a dispute
positive life events sources of nonwork challenge stresswos; marriage, pregnancy, ending school
dynamic capabilities leveraging and developing more from the firm's existing assets, capabilities, and core competencies in a way that will provide a sustained competitive advantage
Distinctive Competency A unique strength that rivals lack.
Path-Goal (house) Theory *Followers need ability, experience, and belief that they can get it done* 1. Directive- letting subordinates know what's expected 2. Supportive- make work pleasant 3. Achievement Oriented- set challenging goals 4. Participative- involving subordinates in decision making
Consultation getting others to participate in a decision or change
Sweatshop employs workers at very low wages and in poor working conditions
Business Ethics accepted principles of right or wrong governing the conduct of business people
team states refer to specific types of feelings and thoughts that coalesce in the minds of team members as a consequence of their experience working together
Aims of Performance Evaluations Build trust; maintain credibility; motivate; clarify expectations; identify strengths and weaknesses
Pay-for-performance incentive pay that ties at least part of compensation to employee effort and performance
task demands are stressors arising from the tasks required of a person holding a particular job
intensive distribution stocking the product in as many outlets as possible
role overload occurs when the number of demanding roles a person holds is so high that the person simply cannot perform some or all of the roles efectively
team diversity the degree to which members are different from one another in terms of any attribute that might be used by someone as a basis of categorizing people
Reciprocity People are more likely to comply with a request from someone who has previously provided a favor or concession-Ask for favor right away-Make a big request & then conceive & make the request smaller
Interactive Leadership very participative; need a lot of EQ*
radically innovative change involves introducing a practice that is new to the industry (very threatening)
technical skill is the ability to use a special proficiency or expertise in one's work.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) a large-scale information system for integrating and synchronizing the many activities in an extended enterprise
method of authority people hold firmly to some belief because some respected official, agency or source has said it is so
self defense from trespasser owner can remove trespasser from premises through the use of reasonable force wtihout being liable for A and B
locus of control the tendency to place the primary responsibility for one's success or failure either within oneself (internal) or on outside forces (external)
encounter stage begis the day an employee starts work; compare information recvd before coming and what its like actually working there
What are Cross-Functional Teams? Employees from about the same hierarchical level, but from different work areas, who come together to accomplish a task.
two criteria in determining org. uncertainty environ. complexity, environ. stability
common elements of an organization common purpose, coordinated effort, division of labor, hierarchy of authoirity
Implied Warranty of Merchantability Comes automatically with ever sale of goods by a MERCHANT who deals in those goods. Good are merchantable if the goods are "reasonably fit for the ordinary purposes for which they are used." they must: a.) be of average/fair/medium grade quality. b.) pass, without objection in the trade or market, for goods of the same description. c.) be adequately packaged and labeled as provided by the agreement, and d.) conform to the affirmations of fact or promise made on the label or container. // The merchant seller is absolutely liable for breach of the warranty of merchantability, without regard to whether the seller knew or could have discovered a defect which caused the goods not to be reasonable fit for the ordinary purpose for which they are used. // Merchantable food: food fit to eat on basis of reasonable consumer expectation.
The Golden Rule Do unto others what you would have them do unto you. (Great religions & works of philosophy)
task environment includes those sectors that have a... direct working relationship with the organization, ie customers, competitors, suppliers, and the labor mkt
zero acquaintance situations — situations in which two people have only just met.
What are Operational Plans? Plans that have a short-term focus. these plans are set by and for lower-level mnagers.
What are formal leadesr? They are leaders that have been elected or designated to engage in leadership activites by the group memers or has been ormally aointed or recongized by the organization as the leader for the group.
Which act is not part of the APA?  The Federal Register Act.
1. operation relatedness: sharing activities 2. corporate relatedness: transferring of core competencies 3. market power 4. simultaneous operational relatedness and corporate relatedness 4 facets of related constrained and related linked diversification
Performing- members focus on problem solving and accomplishing the team's assigned task Adjourning- members prepare for the team's disbandment
What are the three incentive reward plans? (1) piecre-rate, sales commissions, non monetary incentives.
Regarding this necessity, what the U.S. Supreme Court determine in the 1946 case United States ex rel. TVA v. Welch? “the role of the judiciary in determining whether that power is being exercised for public purpose is an extremely narrow one”
economic risk (interdependent with political risk) __ is risk related to overall economy. protection of intellectual rights, security risk posed by terrorists. foremost risks are differences and fluctuations in the value of different currencies.
What is Purchasing Management (Procurement)? It is controlling the buy of the materials and resources is a the heart of effective supply chain management.
Discrimination: legal vs. illegal Ex: in US 94% of all RNs are female and almost 80% MDs are male..is this dicrimination? DEPENDS u must look at applicant pool. You can't use this as a disparity. 1. Legal discrimation: can be determined if you are unqualified (u can pick a person for a job based on toe abnormaltiies)2. Illegal discrimination- if qualified, ppl, are not getting the opportunity (unfair disadvantage)
trespass to personal property v. conversion what was the extent of dominion or control, how long did interference last, damage to property, inconvneience or expense to owner   more extreme answer=more likely converstion
What is the Negative emotionality Personality traits? the extent to which a perosn is calm,resilient, and secure.
What must any agreement for sharing of profits and losses be?  Under the RULPA, the agreement for sharing of profits and losses must be evidenced by a record
What has been adopted by 49 States to govern partnerships?    49 states have adopted some version of the Uniform Partnership Act to govern partnerships