| Terms |
Definitions |
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Indus Civilization
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2600-1900bc
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dendrochronology
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tree ring counting
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Cranial Deformation
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Cradle Boarding.
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linguistics
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study of human languages
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paleoindian marker
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stone projectile points
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Homo Sapiens
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all living humans
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Temporal
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of or pertaining to time
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Kiln
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Structure built specifically for firing ceramics
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Arthur Evans (minoan civilization, earlier than myceans, Knossos)
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...
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Artistic traditions?
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-Celtic
-curvilinear designs painted onto the house walls
-anthropomorphic designs
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Kivas
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Subterranean circular chambers found on sites in teh American southwest
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Dendochronology helped to date ____
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Betatakin
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archaeology
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the study of ancient peoples lives
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Cultural dating
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when archaeologists compare objects they find with information that they already have to determine the age.
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pollen
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sed to determine changes in vegetation, climate, land use, reduction in tree pollen, rise in grass/weeds, forest clearance for farming. Tell archaeologists about thresh floors, thatched roves, animal stalls, gardens.
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Scraper
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Catch-all term; used in hide working
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Phytoliths
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Tiny silica particles contained in plants. Sometimes these fragments can be recovered from archaeological sites even after the plants themselves have decayed.
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Lydia
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capital: Sardis; invented coinage and first to use pure metals (advanced technology); governed by sons of Herakles; rise of Lydia in power in early 7th century; stronger power after destruction of Phrygia by Cyrus; language similar to Hittites; Lydia was expanding to the E. while Persia expanded to the W.
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analysis
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the process of classifying and describing archaeological finds
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Castell Henllys
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Important archaeological site in Pembrokeshire, Wales.
Occupied from around 500 BC
Iron Age started in 2000 BC.
-remarkable for Iron Age roundhouses
A community of several families, perhaps 100 people
Excavation started around 1981
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Warfare
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Transmission of innovations - Spread of technological advances
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Vegetation Differences
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Underground features effect vegetation growth. Visible with oblique photography. (positive, negative and soil crop marks.)
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Flenniken hypothesis
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point goes through stages, manufacture>use>breakage>repair>reuse>discard/loss/abandonded-depending on how break&repair, point can change style-points may not appear now as they did when first manufactured
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radiocarbon dating
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most common radiometric dating technique, works with organic materials
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Yang-shao
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Neolithic culture of N China characterized by sunken floor dwellings, domesticated pigs, and handmade pottery painted in designs of spirals and circles
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Homo Erectus
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Africa/Eurasia - Long Cranium, low sloping brow ridge, protruding external nose
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Thunderstones
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objects that were believed to be formed when lightning struck the earth
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Surface Survey
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Description of basic technique (often a pedestrian survey).
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Torralba, Spain
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Acheulian butchering site dating to between 200,000 and 400,000 years ago.
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Artifacts
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Any portable object used, modified, or made by humans. Based on a measurable aspect.
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ascribed status
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Rights, duties, and obligations that accrue to a person by virtue of their parentage; ascribed status is inherited.
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Paleontologist
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Scientist who studies buried bones and animal tracks of the past
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cross-dating
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samples taken from living trees and dead wood are matched by overlapping ring patterns.
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reconstruction
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a structure rebuilt to resemble a closely as possible to the original
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Troy
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Periphery state of NE (influenced by NE)
3rd millenium
Greece, small site but fortified
Central building of power
Copper cauldron with "trojan gold"
A lot of wealth
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molecular clock
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calculations of the time since divergence of two related populations using the presumed rate of mutation in mtDNA and the genetic differences between the two populations
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Sites
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placed where material evidence of past human activity can be identified
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Cultural Resources
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unique and nonrenewable sources. both natural and artificial features associated wirth human activity with significance for history, architecture, and human development
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Ubaid Period
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5300-3600 BC
- first colonization of southern Mesopotamia
- pottery, clay figurines, houses of reeds and mud bricks, irrigation
- growth of major settlements and fortifications
-slight population decline
-first agriculture took place outside of floodplain
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Apartment complexes
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housing at Teotihuacan that was organized into neighborhoods.
Showed distinction between different ethnic groups
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James Hutton
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Very gamous geologist
Theory of the Earth, 1785, geologic time has been indefinitely long, with no vestige of a beginning and no end.
Earth is a self-renewing machine. old mountains eroded away, new ones lifted up, sea goes in and out.
Put together idea of stratigraphy (early shit on bottom, later on top)
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Mark Leone
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- Class structure in society and growth of capitalism
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Anthropology
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At its broadest, a study of humanity -- physical characteristics as animals and nonbiological characteristics we call culture. Usually broken down into 3 disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology
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Datum Point
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a point used for measuring or calculating the depth of each artifact found in a certain grid site
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absolute dating
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knowing the exact dat of an object.
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ground-penetrating radar
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a remote sensing technique in which radar pulses directed into the ground reflect back to the surface when they strike features or interfaces within the ground, showing the presence and depth of possible buried features
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primary sources
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sources produced during the same time period as the events they describe
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Faunal assemblage
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The animal remainds recovered from an archaeological site.
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Type
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a class of artifacts defined by a clustering of attributes
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King Nabonidas
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ruled Babylon more then 2,500 years ago. He was fascinated by the ruins of larsa, he brought together a group of people to uncover the city and gathered specialists to read the ancient inscriptions and restore the site to its original glory
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Arch of Titus
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dedicated to divine Titus, Carvings show this fact and the sack of Jerusalem
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Domestication
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When people started to tame animals in order to use them in hunting or to herd other animals.
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excavation
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process of digging up remains of the past
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Obsidian Hydration
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measures the build up of hydration layers(rims) on obsidian fragments
*not good artifact
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The system that includes your nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm.
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respiratory system
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Tsunami sediment?
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SAND that gets finer toward land, deep-water marine fossils.
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Chaco Canyon
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located in New Mexico, became the center of a regional settlement network and the site of the construction of large multistoried structures known as Great Houses
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stratigraphic analysis/geochronology
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Materials found within soil or bedrock layers, can be dated relative to materials in others
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modern materil culture studies
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the study of understanding one's culture through garbage
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"New" Archaeology
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led by Binford that used models and scientific methods to explain the past. They relied on quantitative methods, generalizations and deductive reasoning. They believed in explicit research instead of solely factualizing people's themes and assumptions based on their archaeological authority. They argued that every conclusion made should be available for testing.
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Hiram Bingham
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He made public the existence of the Quechua citadel of Machu Picchu in 1911 with the guidance of local Indigenous farmers.
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classic archaeology
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not just anything but riches and ways to get fame
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Law of Superposition
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the principle that the sequence of observable strata from bottom to top reflects the order of deposition from earliest to latest
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long bone cross-sections
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Crosssections of the body's long bones (arms and legs) used to analyze bone shape and reconstruct the mechanical stresses placed on that bone—and hence activity patterns.
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Tree Rings and 14C
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Pioneers od 15C-dating checked with dendrochronology. Found errors. Amount of 14C in Atmosphere is NOT constant. Trees provide reference point to calibrate date. Source of or organic samples of known age. Now now the amound of 14C for past 10,000 years+ (beyond that we rely on marine corals, lake sediments, stalagmites and stalagtites)
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Archaic states
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Archaic states appear to be a response to (1) population growth and the resultant need to intensify agriculture, (2)coordination of mechanisms of social integration such as trade and ideology, and (3)the potential to control productive resources. The specific character and history of an archaic state, however, depends on the particular environmental situation, the importance of warfare vs. trade, and the kind of ideology that supports the elite rulers.
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Frank Kolb
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Said that Korfmann was digging in the wrong place for Troy.
University put Troy on trial! At the end of the trial, Korfmann and Kolb got into a fistfight
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Fine to medium grained volcanics and sedimentary stones (3)
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granites, basalts, slate
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Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
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the period during which humans lived with now-extinct animals
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The earliest centers of plant domestication in the New world included
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Mesoamerica and Northeastern North America
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tree-ring dating
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the use of annual growth ring in trees to assign calendar ages to ancient wood samples
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New York was a major center of what kind of trade in the 1600s?
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Slave trade.
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What did Spencer discover at Agate Basin?
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Spear points, bison bones
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thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS)
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a remote sensing technique that uses equipment mounted on aircraft or satellites to measure infrared thermal radiation given off by the ground; sensitive to differences as small as .1 centigrade, it can locate subsurface structures by tracking how they affect surface thermal radiation
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The total replacement model for origins of modern humans is based on?
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Mitochondrial DNA on the mothers side
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Search for food and predators
Cooling mechanism
Freeing up of hands
More efficient/longer distance travel
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What are the 4 advantages of bipedalism?
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Traits of Civilization:
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Check the top left clip of the page 2 on the chapter 14 notes.
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# How can one estimate population size and density from archaeological evidence?
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1.Derive figures from settlement data based on relationship between group size and total site area, roofed area, number of dwellings, number of hearths, etc. 2.Try to assess the richness of a particular environment in terms of resources available for each season (“carrying capacity”) and derive the number of people that environment might have supported at a certain technological level.
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48) Are children worth looking at or thinking about in the archaeological record?
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Yes. By studying children we can gain insite into the larger picture and how a society works as whole.
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Romanticism
Snowstorm
Turner
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Who painted...?
Snowstorm
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Turner
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Who painted...?
The Meeting
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Fragonard
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Who painted...?
Self Portrait
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Rembrandt
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Who painted...?
St. Serapion
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Zurbaran
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Who painted...?
Las Meninas
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Velazquez
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Who painted...?
Third of May
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Goya
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In what style is...?
Monticello
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Neoclassicism
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Who photographed...?
the Artist's Studio
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Daguerre
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Who painted...?
Massacre at Chios
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Delacroix
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Who painted...?
Birth of Venus
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Boucher
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In what style is...?
The Meeting
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Rococo
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Who painted...?
Family of Charles VI
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Goya
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Who painted...?
Water Carrier of Seville
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Velazquez
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Who painted...?
Landscape with Saint John at Patmos
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Poussin
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Who painted...?
Flower Still Life
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Rachel Ruysch
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In what style is...?
The Oxbow
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Romanticism
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Who painted...?
Charles I Dismounted
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van Dyke
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What did Thomas Jefferson design?
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Monticello
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What did Constable paint?
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The Haywain
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In what style is...?
The Haywain
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Romanticism
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sfumato
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haze-like atmospheric glow (re: Leonardo)
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In what style is...?
Jewish Cemetery
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Dutch Baroque
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In what style is...?
Self Portrait
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Dutch Baroque
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In what style is...?
The Wedding Contract from Marriage a la Mode
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Rococo
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In what style did Hogarth paint?
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Rococo
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In what style is...?
The Pilgrimage to Cythera
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Rococo
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In what style is...?
the Slave Ship
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Romanticism
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Who designed...?
St Paul's Cathedral
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Sir Christopher Wren
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In what style did Goya paint?
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Romanticism
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In what style did Constable paint?
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Romanticism
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In what style did Friedrich paint?
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Romanticism
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What did Daguerre photograph?
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The Artist's Studio
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What did Thomas Cole paint?
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The Oxbow
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Who painted...?
Wanderer above a sea of Mist
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Friedrich
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In what style is...?
Cupid and Psyche
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Neoclassicism
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In what style did Canova sculpt?
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Neoclassicism
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In what style did Delacroix paint?
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Romanticism
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In what style did Gericault paint?
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Romanticism
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Who painted....?
The Raising of the Cross
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Rubens
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What did van Ruisdael paint?
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Jewish Cemetery
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In what style did John Singleton Copley paint?
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Neclassicism
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In what style did Thomas Cole work?
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Romanticism
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Who painted...?
The Death of General Wolfe
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Benjamin West
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In what style did Rembrandt paint?
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Dutch Baroque
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In what style did Ribera paint?
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Spanish Baroque
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What did Rachel Ruysch paint?
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Flower Still Life
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In what style is...?
the House of Parliament
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Romanticism
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In what style is...?
Napoleon in the Plague House at Jaffa
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Romanticism
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In what style did Benjamin West paint?
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Neclassicism
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In what style is...?
Landscape with Saint John at Patmos
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French Baroque
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In what style is...?
Flower Still Life
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Dutch Baroque
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In what style did Velazquez paint?
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Spanish Baroque
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What did van Dyke paint?
|
Charles I Dismounted
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In what style did Rubens paint?
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Flemish Baroque
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In what style is...?
Vanitas Still Life
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Dutch Baroque
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Pope Julius II
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commissioned Michelangelo to sculpt his tomb
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La Giaconda
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original name of the Mona Lisa
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In what style did van Dyke paint?
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Flemish Baroque
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In what style is...?
Woman Holding a Balance
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Dutch Baroque
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What did Barry and Pugin design?
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House of Parliament
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In what style did van Ruisdael paint?
|
Dutch Baroque
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In which style did Gianlorenzo Bernini work?
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Italian Baroque
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In what style is...?
The Calling of St Matthew
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Italian Baroque
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In what style is...?
The Oath of the Horatii
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Neoclassicism
|
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What did Sir Christopher Wren design?
|
St. Paul's Cathedral
|
|
In what style is...?
St Teresa of Avila in Ecstasy
|
Italian Baroque
|
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In what style is...?
Arrival of Maria d'Medici at Marseilles
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Flemish Baroque
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In which style did Le Nain paint?
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French Baroque
|
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In what style is...?
Water Carrier of Seville
|
Spanish Baroque
|
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Phillip the Bold
|
called Claus Sluter as court sculptor
|
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Duke of Berry
|
commissioned the Limborg brothers to create an illuminated manuscript of prayers, Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry or simply the Très Riches Heures (The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry)
each month carries its own detail and meaning
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What did Lorrain paint?
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Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba
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In what style did Sir Christopher Wren work?
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English Baroque
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What did Gros paint?
|
Napoleon in the Plague House at Jaffa
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What did Artemisia Gentileschi paint?
|
Judith and Maidservant with the head of Holofernes
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