| Terms |
Definitions |
|
bivalves
|
-----
|
|
protolith
|
parent rock
|
|
dunes
|
get definition
|
|
plateau basalts
|
columbia plateau...
|
|
types of fossils
|
PetrifiedReplacementMoldCast
|
|
microbial mats
|
layered microbial communities.
|
|
Slate:
|
the finest-grained foliated metamorphic rock, forms by the metamorphism of shale under relatively low pressures and temperatures
|
|
paleontologist
|
scientist who studies fossils
|
|
density
|
mass per unit volume
|
|
Bed Load
|
bottom of a stream
|
|
chert
|
A hard, compact, fine-grained sedimentary rock formed almost entirely of silica.
|
|
ions
|
atoms with an electric charge
|
|
limestone
|
most abundant chemical sedimentary rock
|
|
pegmatitic
|
eceptionally corse grained igneous rocks.
|
|
Neanderthals took care of
|
thier injured
|
|
Qualitatively, what sort of conditions (in terms of amount of stress, confining pressure, and the element of time) favor (1) elastic deformation; (2) brittle deformation; (3) plastic deformation?
|
?
|
|
Hubble
|
1989,telescope in space, imagined more stars and galaxies then ever before,atmosphere gets in the way if looking on earth,important to see clearly
|
|
firn line
|
line of equilibriam between accumulation and abiation
|
|
Unconformity
|
Deposition stops. Erosion removes some of the layers, deposition begins again.
|
|
Stratovolcanoes
|
(also called composite volcanoes) are cones that consist of alternating layers of pyroclastic and lava flows from previous eruptions.
Ex: Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Rainer
|
|
cross-bedding
|
structure in which relatively thin layers are inclined at an angle to the main bedding. Formed by currents of wind or water.
|
|
deltas
|
rapid sedimentation in ____________ by rivers can buld a coast seaward
|
|
carbonates
|
-calcite, dolomite, produced by precip out of H20
|
|
" Mechanical breadage and disintergration" is in reference to:
|
Physical weathering.
|
|
True or False: With increasing metamorphism, the grain size of the rock gets smaller.
|
False.
|
|
dissolution
|
minerals dissolve (break down into ions ) it occurs in water and there is an increase in acids. can result in spheroidal weathering and cave formation
|
|
convergent boundary
|
when two plates come together
|
|
Surveys
|
asking people questions about their beliefs, feelings, and behaviors
|
|
What are some non-silcate minerals
|
calcite, pyrite,hematite
|
|
Channelization
|
Straightening the river channel which allows faster flow
|
|
Minerals that are an indication that the environment in which they were formed was an oxygen-deficient environment
|
sulfide
|
|
terminal moraines
|
form at the toe of glacier
|
|
True
|
Wave Refraction bends wave crest and makes them closer to the parallel to the shore
|
|
Submerging shoreline
|
shoreline formed by the relative submergence of a landmass in which the shoreline is on landforms developed under subaerial processes. It is characterized by bays and promontories and is more irregular than a shoreline of emergence.
|
|
Epicenter
|
where the earthquake is felt; directly above the focus
|
|
Amorpheus Solid
|
Atoms bond together in random pattern
|
|
What geological processes produce sediments (2)
|
Weathering and Erosion
|
|
faults are more common at covergntplate boundaries
|
reverse faults
|
|
mineral that belongs to the sulfide group
|
pyrite
|
|
Differentiation
|
The process by which a planet separates into a metallic core and a rocky mantle very early in its history
|
|
Orpiment
|
occurs in Pb, Ag, Au, Sb veins
|
|
The presence of water will ________ the melting temperature of a rock.
|
decrease
|
|
uniformitarianism
|
What idea did Hutton come up with?
|
|
Dikes
|
are tubular discordant bodies that are produced when magma is injected into fractures
|
|
Rates of Meteoroid Influx
|
Meteorites
1954: stony meteorite crashed through roof of Alabama home, bounced off walls then hit woman in hip, severely bruising her
October, 1996: meteorite streaked over New Mexico and Texas, bounced into space, pulled back and fell in California
March, 2003: meteorite flashed over midwest as it broke apart - more than 60 pieces found, hitting homes, cars and fire department
September, 2003: large meteorite broke apart over Orissa, India, raining debris that injured three people and set house afire
|
|
solifluction
|
soil saturated with water, the soggy mass may flow downslope at a rate of a few millimeters or centimeters per year
|
|
novaculite
|
a term applied originally to rocks suitable for whetstones and, in America, to white chert found in Arkansas. Now applied to very tough, uniformly grained cherts composed of microcrystalline quartz
|
|
reserves
|
definite supplies, we found them, know they exist
|
|
Nonconformity
|
an unconformity in which the upper beds of sedimentary rocks overlie metamorphic or igneous rocks.
|
|
VOG definition
|
mixture of sulfor dioxide with water
|
|
Tide
|
periodic change in the elecation of the ocean's surface
|
|
Define Seamounts
|
The top of an underwater volcano
|
|
contact metamorphism
|
Changes in the mineralogy and texture of rock resulting form the heat and pressure in a small area, such as the rocks near and in contact with an igneous intrusion.
|
|
Transform boundary
|
boundary between two plates that are sliding past each other.
|
|
Pleistocene Epoch
|
most of the major glacial stages occurred during a division of geological time.
|
|
oceanic crust
|
the igneous rock that solidifies on the sea floor and in the fissures becomes
|
|
graded bed
|
a sediment layer characterized by a decrease in sediment size from bottom to top
|
|
concept held by Abraham Gottlob Werner
|
concept of neptunism
|
|
Igneous rock
|
rock formed by the solidification of molten magma
|
|
Bauxite
|
>is a rock formed by intense chemical weathering in tropics.
> Consists of spheres of iron oxides and aluminum hydroxides
>Bauxite is the primary ore of Aluminum
|
|
crystallize
|
verb - to cause to form solid structures, known as crystals
|
|
Geologic cross sections
|
vertical slices made throught the crust
|
|
laminar flow
|
in very slow flowing streams water moves in roughly straight-line paths parallel to the stream channel
|
|
b
|
this soil layer is clayey and result of accumulation of leached down material
|
|
framework silicates
|
tetrahedra share all four oxygen atoms with its neighbors forming a 3 dimensional structure (feldspars)
|
|
Subduction zones
|
Where would one expect to find Blueschist?
|
|
Mercalli scale
|
a numerical representation of the size of a earthquake characterization scalebased on the amount of damage that the earthquake causes
|
|
Shield Volcano
|
a wide, low slping accumulation of basaltic lava
|
|
Thicker materials usually have __________ and more _____________ hydrocarbon molecules
|
bigger and more complex
|
|
Light silicate
|
silicate minerals that lack iron and or magnesium. They are generally lighter in color and have lower specific gravities than dark silicates
|
|
Sedimentary Rock
|
Form by hardening & cementing of layers of sediment deposited @ Earth's surface*layering=horizontal bands formed by settling of grains in water or air*cemented= grains compressed together with mineral cement between grains
|
|
The basal Cambrian is marked by high sea levels and the proliferation of shallow-water aquatic life with hard skeletal parts that are preserved as fossils.
Time of the trilobites
|
Paleozoic era
|
|
groundwater flow is due to
|
elevation above sea level
overlying water
water moves from P1 to P2
|
|
zone of flowage
|
plastic flow downslope in upper part of glacier
|
|
An earthquake occurs when...
|
rocks being stressed suddenly break along a new or preexisting fault.
|
|
Permeability
|
ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it
|
|
suspension load
|
silt and clay sized particles swept in turbulent current
|
|
Components of Soil
|
45% mineral matter, 25% air, 25% water, 5% organic matter
|
|
Charles Lyell is known as____ _ ___
|
Father of Geology
|
|
volcano
|
a spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface
|
|
crust, lithosphere, asthenosphere, mantle, outer core, inner core
|
correct order (staring from the surface) of Earth's layers
|
|
Dissolved Load
|
that portion of a streams load carried in solution
|
|
A coarse-grained sediment is generally a product of a A. low-energy depositional environment. B. high-energy depositional environment.
|
A. low-energy depositional environment.
|
|
sedimentary rock seismic velocity?
|
sedimentary rocks have very low seismic velocity
|
|
Axial Plane
(part of fold)
|
imaginary surface dividing fold in half
--PLANE dividing into "symmetrical sides" of fold
|
|
Does a wave move water or energy?
|
Waves move not water.
|
|
spits and baymouth bars
|
(s) finger-like projections of a beach that form a free end (b) form when spits grow until they close off a bay from open water
|
|
Why does lightning happen?
|
It happens because dust and other charged particles are rapidly carried upward by the rising warm air.
|
|
Deep ocean trench
|
a deep valley along the ocean floor beneath which oceanic crust slowly sinks toward the mantle
|
|
steady mass, suspending apparatus
|
How does a seismometer work? Seismic wave vibrations cause a displacement between a ____________ (which doesn't shake) and its ____________ (which does shake). (Separate the words by commas.)
|
|
Continental Crust
|
one of the 2 types of the earth's crust which is solid and thick composed of silicone and aluminum. An example would be the Himalaya's
|
|
abundance and size(fossil biases)
|
-the more abundant the easier to find-the bigger the item, the easier to find
|
|
What is a mineral?
|
A mineral is a NATURALLY OCCURING substance of UNIFORM CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, INORGANIC ORIGIN and CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE.
|
|
Briefly characterize brittle behavior and give a geologic example?
|
Rock fails under stress. (Joints and faults)
|
|
how did glaciation occur in North America
|
several intervals of widespread glaciation, separated by interglacial periods
|
|
What is Geology?
|
The study of the earth and how it works.
|
|
Concentration factor of a metal
|
how many times the average crustal concentration has to be increased so that the metal can be mined for a profit. Changes with time as the demand/price for metal changes
|
|
Matter including states of matter
|
Anything that has mass and occupies spaceSolid (def shape and volume)Liquid (indef shape, def volume)Gas (indefinite shape and volume)
|
|
cone of depression forms when
|
water is withdrawn faster than it can be replaced
|
|
Formation Of Earths Layered Structue
|
earth became hot enough that iron and nickle ( heavy substances) sank to form the core and lighter substances rose to form cruse
|
|
What criteria are used to distinguish one surface environment from another?
|
topography of the land
sorting of sediments
surface markings (mud cracks, scour marks, fossils)
glacial: unsorted, unstratified
mountain stream: coarse conglomerates w/ larger & smaller clasts
alluvial fans: sand & smaller grains
sand dunes: well sorted sand --> sandstone w/ cross beds
lake environments: coarse sediment near shore, clay in center --> finely laminated shale
rivers: sand, silt, mud --> creates floodplains w/ mud layers & mud cracks
|
|
What does Joints affect in a rock?
|
The strength, its resistance to weathering and erosion, and influence how pieces of rock are pried loose from the landscape
|
|
What are cut banks and point bars?
|
Cut-banks. The area of active erosion outside of a meander. Pointbar- A crescent-shaped accumulation of sand and gravel deposited on the inside of a meander.
|
|
Possible causes for the end of the extinction events at the end of the Permian
|
Pangea - reduces shores, blocked oceans, circulation, flood basaltsExtraterrestrial - chemical evidence of impaction
|
|
What are the characteristics of a Dwarf planet?
|
In the Kuiper Belt, orbits the sun, near spherical shape, cannot be a satellite to another planet, and they have not cleared the surrounding debris
|
|
What are the different types of crust found on Earth?
|
There are two different types of crust on earth. Oceanic Crust is made up of water and classifies the ocean portions of our earth. The other type of crust is Continental Crust. It makes up the continents. They differ because they have a different chemical makeup.
|
|
4 Major features of ocean floor?
|
1)Abyssal Plain 2)Sea Mounts 3)Trenches 4)Oceanic Plateu
|
