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verwenden
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to apply
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perusal
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a reading:
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acuity
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sharpness; acuteness; keenness:
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nescient
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lack of knowledge; ignorance.
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impetrate
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to obtain by entreaty.
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badinage
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light, playful banter or raillery.
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monastic
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of or pertaining to monasteries:
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disaffected
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discontented as toward authority; lost loyalty
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soporific
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causing or tending to cause sleep.
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irrational
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without the faculty of reason; deprived of reason.
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misogynist
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hatred, dislike, or mistrust of women.
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Colonialism
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is extra territorial control of major cultural institutions.
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histone
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- packing protein that encases DNA( each cell has 46 chromosomes)
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comprehensive
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of large scope; covering or involving much; inclusive:
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bodkin
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a small, pointed instrument for making holes in cloth, leather, etc.
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morose
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gloomily or sullenly ill-humored, as a person or mood.
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traitorous
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having the character of a traitor; treacherous; perfidious.
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Bribery
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You pulled over by cops for speeding ticket. You try to pay off cop, he might give him a ticket for speeding and bribery. Or you can say "in other counties you can pay them right on the spot" Indirectly bribing but cop can't ticket you for bribery.
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We know a lot about growing food...THE GOOD... what's working for us limiting factor: the single requirement for growth that is available in the least supply in comparison to the need of cropPlants need:macronutrientsmicronutrientssunlightwatercarbon dioxideSoil: a renewable resourcesoil - a complex mixture of weathered minerals, partially decomposed organic materials, and a host of living organisms.At least 15,000 different soil types in the US. Vary due to influences of parent material, time, topography, climate, and organisms.Can be replenished and renewed… but this can take timewhy is soil important...affects how water is retainedaffects how nutrients are retainedhome for soil fauna (worms, bacteria, etc.)soil organismsActivity of organisms living in the soil help create structure and fertilityMicorrhizal symbiosis between plants roots and specific fungal species. Roots provide food while fungus helps pull in water and micronutrientsNutrients in Natural vs. Agricultural SystemsNatural... organic matter nutrientsAgriculturals... fertilizers in food outFertilizer lack of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus often limits plant growthadding nutrients vis fertilizer usually stimulates growth & increases crop yields1950: avg. of 20 kg/ha fertilizer used1990: avg. of 91kg/ha fertilizer usedmanure and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are alternative methods of replenishing soil nutrientsAgricultural intensificationIn developed countries, 95% of recent agricultural growth has been from altered agricultural practices (pesticides - fertilizer) spreading the Green RevolutionCorn yields jumped from 25 bushels per acre to 130 per acre in last century.Less land cultivated in North America now than 100 years ago.But many developing countries are reaching limit of lands that can be exploited for agriculture without unacceptable social and environmental costs.Green RevolutionMost major improvements in farm production have come from technological advances and modification of a few well-known species.Most of gain accomplished through conventional plant breedingGreen Revolution started by Norm Borlaug. Dwarf, high yielding wheat and rice grown around the world.THE BAD... progress has come but at what cost?too much fertilizer use reduction in species richness --- biodiversity and complexityleads to monoculturemost abundent but less diverse insect populationsmixed results for soil faunaevidence for changes in nitrogen fixers in soil, for exampleglobally we now depend on fewer varieties for our food crops -- rism of catastrophic failure Erosion Erosion is an important natural process, resulting in redistribution of the products of geologic weathering, and is part of both soil formation and soil lossWorldwide, erosion reduces crop production by equivalent of 1% of world cropland per year62% eroded by water, 20% by windExcess erosion is an issuesoil plowing techniquesrow crops leave soils exposed weed free fields (roots hold the soil)removal of windbreaksno crop-rotation or resting periods Land Degradation Estimated nearly 3 million ha of cropland ruined annually via erosion, 4 million ha transformed into deserts, and 8 million ha converted to nonagricultural usesColorado is 27 million square hectares, so the total is one Colorado every two years leaving cropland…Consumes a lot of water...agriculture is the largest consumer of wateras much as 80% of water withdrawn for irrigation never reaches cropscheap cost encourages over use and wastewater logging (no oxygen, roots die)salinization (salts leached from soil) Consumes a lot of energyfarming in industrialized countries is highly energy-intensiveproducing fertilizer takes energy!!!Between 1920-1980, energy use rose directly with mechanization of agriculture, and indirectly with spraying of chemicalsAltogether, US food system consumes 16% of total energy use (produce, process and transport)Most foods require more energy to produce, process, and transport than we yield from themPesticides and Herbicides Kill non-target organisms -- reduce biodiversityEvolution of herbicide- and pesticide-tolerant speciesPersistant organic pollutants (accumulate in the food chain and our bodies!) Human health problems (direct exposure to farm workers, both acute and chronic exposures)THE UGLY --- the choices we face Rising demand: fuel vs. food --- water for food vs. water for urban areas... GMO's or not.... development or preservationusing corm for ethanolthe good... maybe, but a big maybe...fewer greenhouse emissions renewablemore income for farmersbut maybe..less land for food productionnot enough land to displace all our oil consumptiona factor in increasing food prices globallyGenetic Engineering Genetic engineering - removes DNA from one organism and splices it into the chromosomes of another. Produces genetically modified organisms (GMOs) with new traits.Can produce crops with pest-resistance and wider tolerance levels to frost, drought, low nutrient soils, salty soils, etc. Can improve protein or vitamin content of cropCan incorporate oral vaccines into foods such asbananas for use in developing nations Animals can be modified to grow faster or produce pharmaceuticals in their milkPrevalence of GM foodsBiotechnology is already transforming the U.S. food supply2/3 of U.S. soybeans, corn, and cotton are now genetically modified strainsScientific concerns about GM organismsAre there health risks for people?Can transgenes escape into wild plants, pollute ecosystems, harm organisms? Can pests evolve resistance to GM crops just as they can to pesticides? Can transgenes jump from crops to weeds and make them into “superweeds”? Can transgenes get into traditional native crop races with unintended negative impacts? Europe vs. America Europe: has followed precautionary principle in approach to GM foods. Governments have listened to popular opposition among their citizens. U.S.: GM foods were introduced and accepted with relatively little public debate.Continuing conversion of forest lands to agricultureSubsistence agriculturecattle ranchescommercial agriculturelogginghow does national policy, development policy and sovereignty fit in? Global trade pressures?Other even more difficult factors...control of land tenuredemocratic and equitable access to means to produce foodtransportation system --- getting the food where its neededWhat will the future hold?
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gendarme
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a police officer in any of several European countries, esp. a French police officer.
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macerate
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to soften or separate into parts by steeping in a liquid.
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relegate
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to send or consign to an inferior position, place, or condition:
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what captives did
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one became engaged to captor, one started defense fund they believed that criminals were protecting them from police
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fling
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to throw, cast, or hurl with force or violence:
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asians and the elderly
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wisdom comes with age, no nursing homes
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Every culture on earth has rules on incest
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Rules are there to cover something that you want to do.
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