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Definitions |
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NTOSKRNL.EXE
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The Windows OS kernel
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Hierarchical page tables are appropriate for 64-bit architectures. (T/F)
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False
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The deadlock detection algorithm searches for a cycle in the graph
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True
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802.11n
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Wireless networking standard that operates in the 2.4GHz and 5.6GHz band and uses MIMO for a theoretical output of 100+ Mbps
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hierarchical
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Folders that are saved with folders
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Windows XP implements virtual memory using demand paging with clustering. (T/F)
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True
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context
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a process's progress info which includes the value of the CPU registers, the process state and memory-management information.
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Deadlock avoidance works by ensuring that the system will never enter an unsafe state.
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True
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adware
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type of malicious program that downloads ads to a user's computer, generating undesirable network traffic
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Threads
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Lightweight Process--a single path of instruction that shares the processes' resources
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Should an instruction to modify entries in a device status table be privileged?
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Yes.
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x64
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a phrase commonly used to denote operating systems that can run on 64-bit processors
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A Workgroup
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Loosely associated computers, each of which is its own security authority.
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Virtual memory decreases the degree of multiprogramming in a system. (T/F)
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False
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compaction
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to relocate programs to join holes together into bigger holes
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microkernel
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structures the OS by removing all nonessential components from the kernel and implementing them as system and user-level programs.
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remote procedure call
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abstracts out the send/await-reply paradigm into a 'procedure call'. This can be done by providing a stub that hides the details of remote communication
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Programmed I/O
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Uses a general-purposed processor to watch status bits and to feed data into a controller register one byte at a time.
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readers/writers system
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writers write to shared memory, readers take from there. multiple reader may be reading simultaneously. Only one writer may be active at a time. Reading and writing cannot proceed simultaneously. Make sure readers don't starve writers and vice versa.
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SCAN
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type of disk head scheduling. Moves the head in one direction until all requests have been serviced in that direction, then reverse the direction.
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What controls the file system hardware?
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Device driver
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True or false: COW allows more efficient process creation as only modified pages are copied.
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True
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Logical addresses are referred to as virtual addresses.
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True
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Disk Management
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snap-in available with the Microsoft Management Console that enables techs to configure the various disks installed in a system; available in the Computer Management Administrative Tool
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Virtualization
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Helps us to share resources (ex: spooling)
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Should the instruction to switch to kernel mode be privileged?
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Yes.
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Review Test and Set on page 232.
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Continue.
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F8
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If you are starting your computer and wish to load the computer in safe mode, you will have to bring up a menu by hitting a key before Windows Boots..and then select Safe Mode What is the key you will have to press to get this menu?
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Version
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A particular revision of a piece of software , normally described as a number, which tells you how new a product is in relation to other versions of the product.
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DXDIAG
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What tool allows you to test DirectX functionality?
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A relocation register is used to check for invalid memory addresses generated by a CPU. (T/F)
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True
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dispatch
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taking a process from the ready queue into running.
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static partitioning
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when the memory is partitioned into parts whose size cannot change
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multi-level page table
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add additional levels of indirection to the page table by sub-diving the page number into k parts, thus creating a hiearchy of page table.
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swapping
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swapping refers to the removal of an entire process from memory when contention for memory becomes too high. It is a form of medium-term scheduling
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Main memory only takes one cycle to complete
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False
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BOOT.INI
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text file used during the boot process that provides a list of all OSs currently installed and available for NTLDR. Tells where each OS is located on the system. Windows XP and earlier
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attributes
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values in a file that determine the hidden, read-only, system and archive status of the file
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applet
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generic term for a program in the Windows Control Panel
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Job (task)
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AN activity submitted to an operating system TO be done
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user interface
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refers to tool and commands through which user interacts with OS
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What is nonpreemptive scheduling?
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Under nonpreemptive scheduling, when the CPU is given to a process, it keeps it until it either terminates or switches to the waiting state.
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Should an instruction to access an IO device be privileged?
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Yes.
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Windows Catalog
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With the Release of Windows XP Microsoft expanded the idea of the "Hardware Compatibility List" to include software as well as hardware compatible with Windows .. What is this List now referred as?
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If several jobs are ready to be brought into memory and there is not enough memory for all of them, what is used?
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job-scheduling code
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What does the extension .dll stand for?
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Dynamic Link Library
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optimal processor scheduling
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no other scheduling policy is better than this one, but it is not the best at keeping the processor running at all points.
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dual-mode operation
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when user programs and the OS share memory, the OS must be protected from user programs. This means that there is 'user mode' and a 'system/protected/supervisor mode'
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address space
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the domain of memory accessible to a process
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time sharing systems
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the CPU executes multiple jobs by switching among them, but the switches occur so frequently that the users can interact with each program while its running.
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buffering
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when a block is read into memory, it is stored in the buffer.
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page trace
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the list of pages referenced as time goes by
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What is paging?
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Paging is a memory management scheme that permits the physical address space of a process to be non-contiguous.
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Backup or Restore Wizard
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Utility contained within Windows that allows users to create system backups and set system restore points
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APIPA(Automatic Private IP Addressing)
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Feature of windows that automatically assigns and IP address to the system when the client cannot obtain an IP address automatically
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systems software and eg.
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all programs related to coordinating computer operationseg OS, language translators, Utility programs
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What is deferred cancellation?
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The target thread periodically checks whether it should terminate, allowing it an opportunity to terminate itself in an orderly fashion.
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Shell
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A program that runs on top of the OS and allows the user to issue commands through a set of menus or some other graphical interface.
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Hidden,Read only, Archive, System
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What are the attributes available to files on a FAT32 partition?
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What is a process?
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A program loaded into memory and executing
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virtual address space
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same as logical address space: the set of all logical addresses generated by a program
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What is an MMU?
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memory management unit is the hardware device that maps the virtual to physical addresses. In this scheme, the value in the relocation register is added to every address generated by a user process at the time it is sent to memory.
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What is response time?
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– Time from submission until first output/input – Approximate by time from submission until first access to CPU
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command-line interface
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user interface for an OS devoid of all graphical trappings
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You would like to use third party drive image utility to clone a Windows XP Professional OS to 10 newly purchase systems. Which of the following commands should you run on the Windows XP system first?A SID commandB SYSPREP command
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B SYSPREP command
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What is a Pthread?
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Pthreads refers to the POSIX standard for defining an API for thread creation and synchronization.
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What is the dispatcher?
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The dispatcher is the module that gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short term scheduler.
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How do we keep race conditions from happening?
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With process synchronization.
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What is asynchronous thread cancellation?
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One thread immediately terminates the target thread.
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Why is the command interpreter generally separate from the kernel?
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It is subject to change.
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Which of these is information maintenance related?
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get/set time or date
get/set system data
get/set process, file, or device attributes
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shortest seek time first
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type of disk head scheduling, moves to the closest requested track from the current head position.
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What is an instance-based synchronization?
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each separate instance of an object, when used with its corresponding synchronized methods, have separate locks
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While booting you receive the following message when booting Windows NT 4.0 Workstation “Boot could not find NTLDR. Please insert another disk” What should you do to fix the disk?A Run the emergency repair processB Extract the file
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A Run the emergency repair process
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What's a critical section?
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Each process has a segment of code called a critical section, in which the process may be changing common variables, updating a table, writing a file, and so on. The important feature of using a critical section is that when one process is executing in its critical section, no other process is allowed to execute in its critical section. No two processes are executing in their critical sections at the same time.
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What is waiting time?
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The sum of all periods a process spends waiting for CPU time.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of automatic buffering?
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Automatic buffering means that the programmer doesn't have to worry about how many messages can be stored. The down side is that an arbitrarily large pile of messages may gather, eating memory.
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Describe shortest job first scheduling.
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The shortest job in the readyqueue gets assigned to the CPU. This has very little waiting time, but starvation can occur for longer jobs.
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what is an .inf file?
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an .inf file is a file holds configuration settings for operating systems and applications
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What is hold and wait?
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This happens when a process holding at least one resource is waiting to acquire additional resources held by other processes.
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What the File Location?
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This is a pointer to the location on the device.
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When a process "looses" the CPU, what needs to be saved so that the process can be resumed later?
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CPU registers, memory management info
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A client calls and tells you that while he was installing Windows 98 the system files could not be updated and the system hung. What should be disabled in order to upgrade the operating system?A Drive compression.B Antivirus in the BIOS
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B Antivirus in the BIOS.
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Characterize the CPU activity of a CPU bound process.
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A few long CPU bursts.
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What's the critical section problem?
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To design a system that processes can use to cooperate.
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Characterize the CPU activity of an IO bound process.
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Lots of short CPU bursts.
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What are the differences between a trap and an interrupt?
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A trap is a software-generated interrupt. It's the kind of thing you do on purpose.
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What does Virtual memory allow?
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a job to run while not completely in memory and to run programs that are larger than physical memory.
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How it the Unix Operating System Structured and designed?
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All Unix operating systems share a shell/kernel architecture, with the kernel providing the core functionality and the interchangeable shells providing the user interface.
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True or false: Compaction is possible with static relocation.
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False, relocation must be dynamic and done at execution time.
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What is a busy wait?
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When a process has to wait for another process before it can continue to execute
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Which statement is correct?A Anything in CONFIG.SYS can be run from a command prompt.B Anything in AUTOEXEC.BAT can be run from a command prompt.C Nothing in CONFIG.SYS or AUTOEXEC.BAT can be run from a command prompt.D Anything i
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B Anything in AUTOEXEC.BAT can be run from a command prompt.
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What are the five challenges of multicore programming?
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Dividing activities: What tasks can be run concurrently? Balance: Are the things running on the various cores of equal worth? Data Splitting: The data accessed by tasks has to be split up. Data Dependency: The data accessed by tasks have to be examined for dependencies. Testing and Debugging: More execution paths means more harder to debug!
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Why does the dispatcher need to be fast?
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Because it's invoked during EVERY process switch. The time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and start another is called dispatch latency.
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d) Select start, Shutdown, choose shut down and turn off computer
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To turn off a Windows 2000 machine, you should ________.a) run the shut down (turn off) command at a command promptb)Turn off the switch and unplug the machinec)Press CTRL+ALT+DELd) Select start, Shutdown, choose shut down and turn off computer
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what is the "system" attribute for?
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Indicates that a file is used by the operating system. Some system files are not accessible by a user
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When does/can scheduling occur and which cases are examples of Non-preemptive scheduling and which of Preemptive scheduling?
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1. When a process terminates 2. When a process switches from a running to waiting state 3. When a process switches from a running to ready state 4. When a process switches from a waiting state to a ready state
1 and 2 are non-preemptive and everything is or can be preemptive
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Give an example of some threads.
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A word processor may have a thread for getting input from the user, another for spellchecking, and another for displaying graphics.
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Timers can be used to compute the current time. How?
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A sleeping program can update its status and sort out the current time based on a timer interrupt. If you had it sleep for ten seconds, when it awakens it is ten seconds later than it was when it went to sleep.
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What are two differences between user level threads and kernel level threads?
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User level threads are not known to the kernel. The kernel is aware of kernel threads. On many to 1 or many to many systems, user threads are scheduled by the thread library and the kernel threads are scheduled by the kernel library.
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Describe the many to one model of threads.
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There's one kernel thread with many user level threads mapped to it. Management is done by the thread library in user space, which is efficient, but if one thread blocks, the whole process blocks. Since only one thread can access the kernel at once, it can't make use of multiprocessing.
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Why can't we use Peterson's solution these days?
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Because it's not guaranteed to work on modern computer architecture.
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What does the extension .chm stand for?
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it is a help file used by various applications
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What is starvation and how is it solved?
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it is the indefinite waiting for CPU access and it can be solved using aging
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How could a system be designed to allow a choice of operating system from which to boot?
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Consider a system that would like to run both Windows XP and three different distributions of Linux (e.g., RedHat, Debian, and Mandrake). Each operating system will be stored on disk. During system boot-up, a special program (which we will call the boot manager) will determine which operating system to boot into. This means that rather initially booting to an operating system, the boot manager will first run during systemstartup. It is this bootmanager that is responsible for determining which system to boot into. Typically boot managers must be stored at certain locations of the hard disk to be recognized during systemstartup. Bootmanagers often provide the userwith a selection of systems to boot into; boot managers are also typically designed to boot into a default operating system if no choice is selected by the user.
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How are a multilevel feedback queue and a FCFS queue related?
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The lowest level of MLFQ is a FCFS queue.
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Review Dekker's algorithm on page 269 and prove that it is a valid solution to the critical section problem.
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Will do this in live review. Please pre-review.
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What can occur if a process is in the ready state?
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It can get scheduled and dispatched into a running state.
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Why use a thread instead of creating a new process?
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It is more efficient to use one process with multiple threads. If the new process is going to do mostly the same thing as another process, why incur all that overhead? Just use a thread.
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What are the three major activities of an operating system with regard to memory management?
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Keep track of what memory is in use and by whom, decide which processes are to be loaded into memory when it becomes available, allocate and deallocate as necessary
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Describe the one to one model of threads.
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Each user thread is mapped to a kernel thread. This causes a kernel thread to have to be generated for new user threads, so a limit has to be placed on the number of threads. Good for multiprocessing, good for letting a thread run while another thread is blocking. Linux and Windows both use this.
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What does it mean that the system is in a safe state?
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the system is safe if there exists a sequence of all processes such that for each process, the resources that can it can request can be satisfied by the currently available resources plus the resources held by all other processes.
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