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EPA
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-environmental protection agency
-1970 by Nixon
-administers Federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act (FIFRA)
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mason jars invented
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1858
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Book approaches to gardening
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vertical
WORD
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Persimmons
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-non-astringent vs. astringent
-low inputs
-few pest problems
-good candidate for organic production
-non-astringent = flatter, good while crisp
-astringent = more elongated, horrible while crisp
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Albert Howard
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-British argonomist
-"father of organic agriculture"
-pointed out emerging problems = animal and plant disease, soil erosion, improper waste disposal
-promoted a natural approach to building soil and fertility = deep rooting crops (draw nutrients from sub-soil), managing crop residues, green manuring, composting (the indore process)
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US food canning industry established
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1819-25
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3 ways to incorporate cover crops
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till
compost
mulching
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How many farmers markets in AL?
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120
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good candidate for organic in AL
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-kiwi
-satsumas
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USDA founded
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-1862
-Lincoln
-to help farmers who needed good seeds and info to grow their crops
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abscission
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Dropping of flowers, fruits, or leaves.
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Windbreaks must be _________ to slow wind not deflect it. If not you get ______________.
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permeable
turbulence
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What is the estimated percent of carbon dioxide in the air?
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.03%
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soil pH
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*>7 = alkaline
*5.8-6.5 = slightly acidic, ideal for most crops
*5-5.7 = very acidic; ideal for acid loving plants (strawberries, radish, sweet potatoes)
*<5 = strongly acidic; lime recommended for all crops except blueberries
*most soils: 4.4 - 7.8
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Who produces the most fruits and veggies?
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CA
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Why organic?
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-reduce toxic load (reduce chemicals in air, water, soil, and our bodies)
-reduce (or eliminate) off farm pollution (industrial agriculture)
-build healthy soil
-avoid hasty or poor science in food
-promote biodiversity
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Adventitious bud
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occurring elsewhere. They may develop from roots, a stem, internode, the edge of a leaf blade or callus tissue at the end of a stem or root.
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Stamen
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is the male reproductive organ. It consists of a pollen sac (anther) and a long supporting filament. This filament holds the anther in position, making the pollen available for dispersement by wind, insects, or birds.
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gibberellins
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helps seeds and buds break dormancy, makes stems lengthen, influences flowering, control ripening. (Lec 4, p. 4)
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Name the tree plant tropisms.
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geotropism, phototropism, thigmotropism
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Slope facing West
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Afternoon sun, hot, dries out quickly
Westerly winds make it worse
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living plants consist of:
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70% water (7-95)
27% organic matter
3% mineral content
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who needs certification
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operations that produce or handle agriculture products that are intended to be sold, labeled, or represented as 100% organic, or made with organic ingredients
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Organic refers to...
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How farmers grow and process agricultural commodities
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The five groups of hormones?
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gibberellins, auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene
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companion planting is what?
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using some plants to benefit others
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certification is largely about...
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-INTEGRITY: buyers getting what they pay for
-produced by approved organic methods
-elimination of contamination with prohibited material
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blueberry types: southern highbush
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-less tolerant of AL growing conditions
-very low chilling requirements
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fertile soil (bad)
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supplies nutrients to allow max growth and yield
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modified stems - tubers
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Potato tubers, iris rhizomes, and tulip bulbs are underground stems that store food for the plant. Stems have nodes (unlike roots). In potato tubers the “eyes” are actually the stem’s nodes, and each eye contains a cluster of buds.
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Day neutral plants
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form flowers regardless of day length (tomatoes, corn, cucumbers).
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Distance from house
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Further from the door, the less likely you are to work it
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Ideal slope orientation?
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Facing SE so it will warm up quickly
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How do plants obtain their energy?
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Through a process called photosynthesis
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why organic has the image of being small
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-organic market gardens
-bio-intensive mini-farming (popular among US gardeners and important to 3rd world countries); labor intensive (~11% more), low capital investment
-management (req. more management and expertise; more info. intensive)
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compacted soils (zones)
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-Probing the soil with a knife or pencil will help show areas of compaction
-They tend to have large clods with don’t break up easily
-Absence of vertical cracks
-Shallow rooting
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Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" (1962)
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-impact of pesticides on the environment (DDT)
-60s and 70s environmental consciousness movement
-1962: onward organics identified with pesticide issues
-DDT banned in US in 1972
"spray as little as you can, not to the limit of your capacity"
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apical meristems
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are the site of primary growth in a plant, and can be found at the root and shoot tips.
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Terminal bud
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At the apex (tip) of a stem. Each branch has its own terminal bud.
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What are perfect/imperfect flowers?
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If a flower contains both functional stamens and pistles, it is called a perfect flower, even if it does not contain petals and sepals. If either stamens or pistles are lacking, the flower is called imperfect.
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hedges & trees make good wind breaks but...
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establish themselves slowly
compete for water/nutrients
reduce rainfall
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ideal composition of soil
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air = 25%; mineral particles = 45%; water = 25%; organisms = 10%; roots = 10%; hummus = 80%; organic matter = 5%
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Name the primary and secondary macronutrients.
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Soil elements are called primary nutrients because they are used in relatively large amounts: they are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are called secondary nutrients because they are used in moderate amounts. Collectively they are called macronutrients.
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modified stems - bulbs (nontunicate)
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Nontunicate bulbs (lilies) do not have this papery covering. They are very susceptible to damage and drying out, so handle them very carefully.
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What to do with bad soil on site?
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Transform with good gardening practices
Lead contamination? Use containers or replace existing soil
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Should one water his garden?
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Yes, it is very important that the garden be watered. Plants need water to survive just as humans. Try to apply about one-inch of water per week using a lawn sprinkler, but drip irrigation is preferable. If a sprinkler system is used, water early in the mornings so that the plants can dry before night. The drip irrigation system uses less water than a lawn sprinkler because it places the water directly around the plant root system where it is neeed most. Garden crops are less liely to be attacked by diseases when a drip irrigation system is used because the water is dripped from small holes in a plastic tubing pipe which flows directly onto the ground, thus avoid wetting the top portion (foliage) of the plant. Diseases thrive better on moist foliage than dry foliage. Check with a local garden supply store for a plastic drip irrigation kit (contact an extension agent to help set it up); if it is not available, then use your lawn sprinkler. Any watering system is better than no watering system.
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Nutrient rating (depends on soil group or crop to be grown)
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*VL: very low; fertilization needed; crop yield <50%
*L: low; fertilization needed; crop yield 50-75%
*M: medium; some fertilization required; crop yield = 75-100% of potential
*H: high; adequate for crop growth
*VH: very high; no nutrient needed
*EH: extremely high; excessive nutrient level could damage crop
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Describe how the photosynthesis/respiration balance is important for plant.
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In order for a plant to grow and develop properly, it must balance photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration. Left to their own devices, plants do a good job or managing this intricate balance. If a plant photosynthesizes at a high rate, but its respiration rate is not high enough to break down the photosynthates produces, photosynthesis will either slow down or stop. On the other hand, if respiration is is much more rapid than photosynthesis, the lant won’t have adequate photosynthates to produce energy for growth. Hence, growth either will slow down or stop altogether.
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What should one do to control destructive insects in his garden during the growin season?
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Check with your local county extension agent and inquire about the proper organic insect controls to use on the garden crops. Once the controls have been selected, apply them as instructed on a timely basis. A poor schedule is almost as bad as no schedule. Try to apply the insecticides early in the morning while most insects are not active in an effort not to destroy any beneficial insects such as bees; they help pollinate certain crops
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organic foods production act of 1990
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mandated the creation of the NOP and the passage of uniform organic standards
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What should one do besides rotation of crops annually to control plant diseases in the garden?
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Plant diseases are to be highly respected. When diseases are detected in the garden, all that one can do is try to control them if possible. Diseases are one of the main crop destroyers; thus, a good preventative program is strongly suggested. One must ensure that the seeds are transplants used in the garden are certified and disease free, purchased from a reputable distributor. If this is done, then you are off to a good start, but remeber diseases can stil attack your plants by way of the soil, insects, wind, rodents, and by man. Therefore, it is very important that the garden crops be observed closely on a daily basis for signs of diseases. Control diseases in their early stage by applying the proper disease control to the plants. Check with your local county extension agent for the proper fungicide or bactericide to use on the plants
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Explain how leaves are adapted for maximal photosynthesis.
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Leaves are usually thin
- High surface area-to-volume ratio
- Promotes diffusion of carbon dioxide in, oxygen out.
Leaves are arranged to capture sunlight
- Are held perpendicular to rays of sun
- Arranged so they don’t shade one another
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What is the basic principle that organic gardeners live by?
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Feed the soil and let the soil feed the plants.
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