Photo History NMU
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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for Photo History NMU

Terms Definitions
Who discovered the heliograph? Niepce
What magazine dominated documentary photography? LIFE
Photographers avoided taking certain photographs because of what public figure during the Cold War? McCarthy
Who photographed pre-Columbian ruins and historic places where Cortes was? ??
LIFE magazine was so sugarcoated because of who? advertisers
Were battle scenes staged in WWII? no
Who wrote the "Three Guineas" debating whether war photos can prevent war? Virginia Wolf
Who accidently discovered the light sensitivity of sliver salts in 1725? Schulze
Who photographed Flavio da Silva, which helped him to get money to be cured of TB? Gordon Parks
What year did LIFE magazine come out? 1936
Historically, war photos were meant to show what? glory
Who got credit for having first discovered photography? Daguerre
What is cartomania? When people collected carte-de-visties of famous and upper class people.
Who discovered the light sensitivity of silver chloride in 1777? Carl Scheele
What type of photography used 4 lenses? Carte-de-visite
Who photographed landscapes like they were Dutch paintings of the 15th and 16th centuries? John Pfhal
Are there photos of Roosevelt's charge up San Juan Hill? no
What is it called when, unconsciously, your mind only focuses on what it thinks is important? Selectivity
When you protect yourself from over stimulation by selecting things you know and understand it is called what? Habitualism
Small wars were seen as dress rehearsals for what? WWI
Who photographed idealized situations at the Hampton Institute? Francis Benjamin Johnson
Did the pages of LIFE have more pictures or text? pictures
Who viewed photography as a spiritual quest, with a subject matter of a photo with its equivilent of emotional and spiritual experience? Minor White
Who put together The Family of Man? Edward Steichen
The last weekly issue of LIFE ran when? 1972
In 1879, Kodak began mass producing what? dry plates
Lewis Hine was not a photographer, but used photography as a tool. What was he actually? sociologist
Who was the official photographer for the King Expedition (49th Parallel)? Timothy O'Sullivan
Who taught at the Ethical Cultural School in NY? Lewis Hine
Who exaggerated the truth in his before and after pictures of boys who came to his missionary? Dr. Bernardo
What photographer kept a diary book called Day Books and showed abstract landscape views? Edward Weston
Flash powder and the half-tone process made what type of photography possible? Social photography
What is Lithography? a technique for reproducing images. Uses drawings on a flat surface, usually a smooth stone. (Ancient Greek: Lithos)
What is a preconceived idea of how things should be? Expectation
What writer wrote about a sticky substance being painted on a piece of paper before photography was invented? Tiffany Delacroix
What was the most important tool for early social reformers? Photography
What type of photographs were taken during early landscape photography? wet collodion
The U.S. government only paid one person to photograph the Civil War. Who was he? Andrew Russell
Who did the Nurse Midwife series and the photo essay of Pittsburg? Eugene Smith
Who are sponsoring tours and surveys for photographers in the 1860s? government, corporations, military
What job did Jacob Riis get after being unemployed in America for 7 years? police reporter
Who was the first photographer to make the cover of Time Magazine? Ansel Adams
What type of photography shows images with social themes tied to a goal or outcome? Social Documentary photography
What is Spenceroism? Don't tamper with how things are, allow the laws of nature
What did the Wheeler Survey look at? The 100th Meridian
What influenced early landscape photography? 1. Illustrated magazines 2. Systematic journeys for exploration 3. Colonial expansion and economics 4. Potential tourism spots
Who was the main Korean War photographer? David Douglas Duncan
What two main photographers photographed September 11? Susan Meiseles and Joel Meyerowitz
Name three social landscape/snapshot aesthetic photographers. Lee Friedlander, Diane Arbus, Bill Owens (there are others)
LIFE magazine was presented through whose eyes? the eyes of the heros
What was the first war that was not censored? Vietnam War
Who was in Brazil and wrote about how to fix an image, but his journals were lost? Hercules Florence
What purpose did photographers on expeditions see themselves as having? they were storytellers and photographers for science
Brady got the gold medal at what exhibition? Crystal Palace Exhibition
Which photographers worked for the Union Pacific Railway? Alexander Gardener and Andrew Russell
Describe the camera obscura. light rays coming off an illuminated object go through a pinhole in a dark enclosure and makes an image on the wall
What type of print is Joe Rosethal's Marines Raising the American Flag on Iwo Jima in 1945? Gelatin silver print
What is the name of the book from the second (ongoing) war with Iraq that has photos taken by photographers not working alongside the military? Unembedded
Name a person that had carte-de-visites sold of them. Sojourner Truth (there are others)
What were the motivations during the exploration of the American West? economic, political, scientific, spiritual
What technological advances allowed for the production of the picture magazine? Fast drying inks, rotary press, cheap coated papers that were thick
What types of photos did LIFE feature? lifestyle, family-centered, did not show dead bodies, just wounded, it was presented through the eyes of the heros
Name three photographers who had photos in The Family of Man. Dorothea Lange, Robert Capa, Eugene Smith (there are many others)
Who took many of the photographs originally attributed to Brady? Timothy O’Sullivan and Alexander Gardner
What did people think about the small wars? That they were inevitable
How did flash powder work? magnesium powder emits a cloud that you ignite and illuminates the subject
Why was Lithography beneficial? In its time, had several advantages in communicating information. Made mass amounts of prints, could render tones and shadows more subtly than etching and engraving.
What two important inventions made social photography possible? flash powder and the half-tone process
Who was the first war photographer? Roger Fenton; used wet collodion plates; photographed Crimean War
What type of signs are indexical? logical, common sense connections- ex. footprint in snow, smoke, map, fever.
Who was James Jimmy Hare? a famous war correspondent; went to small wars
Name three expression of inner vision photographers. Walter Chapell, Minor White, Wynn Bullock (there are others)
The first issue of LIFE magazine showed what on the cover and who took the photo? Fort Peck Dam, by Margaret Bourke-White
Name two things Lewis Hine photographed. building of the Empire State Building and children in textile mills in the south
What was hung by Jewish stores in WWII? “Jewish business, anyone shopping here will be photographed”
What type of camera was the Leica? 35mm rangefinder; great for the battlefield
Name two things that Hine photographed for. Pittsburgh Survey & National Child Labor Committee
Name three photographers who were part of the New Topographics (there are eight total). Robert Adams, Hilla Becher, Stephen Shore
What were the two main camera's that came out in the 1950s? Polaroid land camera and Hassleblad 1000F
Name one reason why Riis' work effective? Teddy Roosevelt was influenced by his work
Who used the first artificial light to photograph? Nadar; photographed the sewers of Paris
What drawing aid had the most direct effect on of photography? Camera Obscura (a dark room which, over time, became smaller and portable)
Why was early landscape photography profitable? There was a huge middle class audience who couldn't travel to these sites who bought these stereoviews
Name the four Great Surveys in the late 1800s. King Survey, Wheeler Survey, Hayden Survey, Powell Expeditions
What did the Rephotographic Society do? Went back to the spots where early landscape photographers went and photographed the same spot and tried to do it during the same season and time of day.
Describe the appearance of the calotype. Lack of detail in shadow and light areas, better for landscape, is more painterly
Name three instances where photos were used to convict people. 1. Sergeant Calley (opened fire at Mai Lai Massacre) 2. Wirz (mistreatment of POWS at Andersonville during Civil War) 3. Abu Ghraib (Iraq photos of torture)
In 1871 what did Richard Leech Maddox discover? Silver bromide could be suspended in gelatin; coated on a glass plate could be allowed to dry and be stored (unlike wet collodion)
Why do early war photographs look very staged. The camera equipment was to large to haul to the front lines.
What was used before the half-tone process to include images in publications? It was tipped in (placed in) or a wood-cut was used
What did Lewis Hine do to try to combat child labor? He disguised himself to get into factories, photographed the children, then made brochures
What was the first war to be seen by people in their living rooms? Civil War, through cabinet cards, tintypes, stereo cards (3d), and weekly magazines (lithographs from photos)