Photography test
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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for Photography test

Terms Definitions
John Szarkowski Expression Minnesota
Alfred Stieglitsz The Steerage 1907, photogravure
CMOS Complementary metal oxide semiconductor Amplifiers are part of each photosite so info read immediately Reduces click time and camera size
Calotype an early photographic process introduced in 1841 by William Henry Fox Talbot, using paper coated with silver iodide. With exposure to light, silver iodide decomposes to silver and iodine as a free element. Excess silver iodide is washed away after oxidizing the pure silver with an application of a solution of silver nitrate, acetic, and gallic acids). Because silver oxide is black, the resulting image is visible. Potassium bromide is then used to stabilize the silver oxide.
fixer harders emulsion, making image permanent
Photo-scession an association of photographers founded in New York City in 1902 by Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen that advocated the development and public recognition of photography as a fine art.
Daguerre View of the Boulevard du Temple 1838, Daguerreotype
Dots Per Inch what DPI stands for
Composition Pleasing selection and arrangement of the elements within a picture
Frontlight eliminates shadows and highlights thus subdues textures and form
straight photography unmanipulated photos; opposite of pictorialists
Principles of design balance, contrast, harmony/unity, variety, juxtaposition, repetition, pattern, proportion, perspective, movement, rhythm, space, time, form
buffer memory in the camera that stores digital photos before they are written to a memory card
Balance Placement of colors, light and dark masses, or large and small objects in a picture to create harmony and equilibrium.
convex a surgace of a lens thats arched/bulged up
gelatin silver active ingredient used to create light-sensitive photo paper
What are "environmental portraits"? ‘on location’ or ‘environmental’ portraits are portraits taken of people in a situation that they live in (work, rest or play) and/or a place that says something about who they are.
Unlike the aperture, which is always in an open position, the shutter is always closed.
Metering System Its the electronic light measuring system thats part of most adjustable and nonadjustable cameras
Videography 30 frames a second. Always manual focus.
Shutter a mechanical door that opens to admit light and then closes
Blowup An enlargement; a print that is made larger than the negative or slide.
Fiber Based Refers to photographic paper in which light sensitive emulstion is applied o a base sheet made of cellulse wood fiber
darkroom term for blocking part of an image as it is exposed, lightening its tones. Dodging
Jacques Louis Daguerre invention of the daguerreotype process of photography. direct-positive process, creating a highly detailed image on a sheet of copper plated with a thin coat of silver without the use of a negative
Value The amount of reflected light in your photograph.
Darkroom term for blocking part of an image as it is exposed, lightening its tones. Dodging
Viewfinder optical device that helps a user to find the target of interest [syn: finder]
elements of design line, color, texture, value, space, shape/form
Aget What is the name of the early French photographer who used his photographs in an attempt to preserve early parisian life?
C Format "Classic" format - one of the three selectable Advanced Photo System print formats; identical to the 2:3 aspect ratio used in 35 mm photography and suitable for most general-purpose shots.
The Tonal Level of an image where blacks begin to provide important image information, usually measured by using a histogram black point
How is shutter speed measured? In fractions of a second.
angle of view amount of area coverage effected by lens or light meter
negative a negative image, as on a film, used chiefly for making positives.
Close-Up Lens A lens attachment placed in front of a camera lens to permit taking pictures at a closer distance than the camera lens alone will allow.
close down The aperture is always be held open at its maximum, and does not actually "close down" until the moment of exposure. The main reason for this is to produce the brightest image possible onto the focusing screen.
what do smaller sensors require? more enlargement to achieve similar size prints
How is the WB disc used? Enter your back text here.
What is E-TTL Flash Mode? An advanced flash control system. The preflash result and distance information from the EF type lens controls the amount of flash volume. Once the button is pressed half way down, the FE lock (Flash Exposure Lock) button is pressed (*asterisk), is then pressed and the button pressed down completely. Also, it is recommended that yo wait for the red Ready Light to remain on to enture best ensure.
What should be done before a shoot? do something that inspires creativity. This may be listening to VERY LOUD music that envelopes. It could be drawing randomly. It could be walking in the park. Whatever fits YOU.
How does aperture effect flash? Shoot in AV at widest aperture value, the flash will travel its farthest; f11, f16, flash will not travel far.
What are the settings of the K100D camera? flash-on, red-eye reduction and flash-off modes. when shooting the auto picture mode, the flash will open automatically when needed, in other modes the user needs to press a release button when flash is desired.
When mounting a piece, what does the bottom border than top and sides create? balance and 'weights' the image.
Posing Tips for Portraits - Shoulders When taking head shot and upper body portraits of people, one simple posing tip is to angle the shoulders of your subject rather than to have them even or squared in your shot. While the shoulders might not seem like an important aspect of a portrait they can actually set the tone for an image as they’re the widest part of your subject and they are visually what the main point of focus for your image (the head) is sitting upon. Generally speaking, angling the shoulders slightly gives your shot balance and helps lead your viewer’s eye into the shot towards your main focal point. It also stops your subject from seeming out of proportion as it lessens the width of the shoulders slightly. Getting this effect might mean actually getting your subject to lean in one direction or another or it could simply mean getting them to turn there body a little so you’re not photographing them directly front on. Another technique can be to frame your subject slightly off center so that one shoulder is actually out of the frame.
how would the area of 1963 mm^2 be figured out for a 50mm opening? Enter your back text here.
How should the camera be positioned? find the direction of light and try various possibilities by either positioning the camera up high or down low.
Colors have values in relationship to white and black High value colors draw the eye; low value colors do not. High value colors, yellow reds orange draws attention; blue purples (low value colors) less so. Put blues in shadows.
What should be the order in color depth? warm tones, then cool tones-that order makes us feel that warm tones are moving toward us and cool tones move away. This gives a feeling of depth.
If the camera is held lower, what dominates? If the camera is held higher, what dominates? the skies dominate. The foreground takes up more room
The f-stop is the ratio of what two parts of the camera? 1. effective focal length of the lens 2. diameter of the entrance pupil
What is the GN of a setting of 4m distance and f8 worth of light is provided? f8 X 4=32 @ 100 ISO
Why are colored filters of the opposite color used? they are used over the camera lens for correction
What can be a problem with a dedicated flash? How can this be avoided? it is necessary to buy a dedicated flash specifically for the model and make of the camera, if not it can damage your equipment, or simply not work
What is depth of field, and what three things is it controlled by? Depth of field is what is in focus. It is controlled by aperture, distance and focal length.
Celia Glashier Botanical artist
Postmoderisn Artists invents/fabricates subject, technical perfection in photographic prints is not important. All manipulations of negatives and prints are acceptable
Frances Benjamin Johnston Students at Work, Hampton Institue 1899
f-stop number specific number setting/size adjustment of the iris diaphram within a photographic lens
National Geographic first magazine featuring photographs
Alexander Gardner Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter albumen print, 1863
Critique the process, usually conducted in groups, of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of one or more photographs
Color Noise Better known as chrominance signal-to-noise ratio. A measure of how accurately the color signals are reproduced. Poor chroma signal-to-noise ratios are evidenced in color fringing on edges of objects and what appears to be thousands of moving dots in large areas of highly saturated colors (especially red).
man ray revitalized art of making photograms
brownie first camera, brought photography to the masses
cropping removal of unwanted and distracting elements from the picture
Ansel Adams Monolith, The Face of Half Dome 1927, gelatin silver print
pixel most basic component of a digital image
Film Grain clumps of developed silver halide crystals that form ithin the image area of photographic film
relative size of the lens aperature (which helps determine exposure and depth of field. The larger the number, the smaller the f-stop f-stop
Backlight emphasizes highlights and may be used in silhouettes
Representation of an image in which the tones are reversed: blacks as white, and vice versa. negative
Kodak a brand of portable camera introduced by George Eastman in 1888, using a roll of film and intended for taking snapshots.
flash has same light temperature as what daylight
Pictorialism the movement at the turn of the twentieth century that attempted to make photographs look like paintings
Dedicated Flash A fully automatic flash that works only with specific cameras. Dedicated flash units automatically set the proper flash sync speed and lens aperture, and electronic sensors within the camera automatically control exposure by regulating the amount of light from the flash.
Iris Part of eye that adjust to control amount of light that entersdetermined to the aperature of a camera lens
device that captures an image of a piece of artwork and converts it to a digitized image or bitmap that the comp can handle scanner
Mergers elements in the scene that overlap or touch and which have similar tonal qualities
Shutter speed controls: Aperture controls: shutter speed controls movement aperture controls how much of the scene from front to back will be in sharp focus. This area of sharpness is the Depth of Field Much of the use of aperture and shutter speed is juggling one with the other.If you want a lot of depth of field, you will have to select a small aperture. To counter this, you will have to select a shutter speed that will give you: 1. correct exposure 2. be suffiently fast enough to freeze movement within the scene 3. be fast enough to prevent camera shake To capture fast movement, you will have to select a reasonably fast shutter speed. To counter this you will have to select an aperture which will: 1. give you the correct exposure 2. be small enough to provide sufficient depth of field
Positive Photography. a positive image, as on a print or transparency
Contact Print prints made by placing negative and print paper in contact and making the exposure
slow ISOs need _____ light to expose, have better color reproduction and minimal noise more
Liquid Crystal Display low-power monitor often used on the top and/or rear of a digital camera to display settings or photograph previews
angle of view amount of area coverage effected by lens or light meter
Film speed the higher the film speed, the more sensitive the film is to light
Moving the camera so that the image of a moving object remains in the same relative position in the viewfinder as you take a picture panning
Middle Gray The grey at which you measure for lighting conditions. Acts as a constant, found on the grey card.
What should be considered? fundamentals of good design, color considerations, the lasting qualities
What is macro? When an image is formed from ¼ life-size (1:4) to 5x life-sized (5:1) on your film or sensor, this is considered “macro”
3 factors which affect stop action -Amt of light-Film speed-Subject speed
What is characteristic of lighting in a studio environment? it is very controllable
The picture angle is the field of view as measured along the diagonal.
First 2 things to consider when taking a photo? Light conditions & composition
what does color temp describe? the spectrum of light which is radiated from a "blackbody" with that surface temp
What is a Rectilinear lens? a lens corrects distortion in a lens (particular wide angle). A rectilinear yields images where straight features, such as the walls of buildings, appear with straight lines, as opposed to being curved. In other words, it is a lens with little or no barrel or pincushion distortion.
what does the f2 principle mean to your settings? some cameras change this automatically. sometimes the aperture number on the lens is different to the aperture number in the internal display. Other cameras have an auxiliary aperture setting mark for longer lenses (when it becomes an issue).
what is the daylight/sunny setting? correct on a sunny day in the sunlight
How does the camera obscura work? just a box (which may be room-size) with a hole in one side. Light from only one part of a scene will pass through the hole and strike a specific part of the back wall. The projection is made on paper on which an artist can then copy the image.
Types of liglht meters and what they do. 1. Reflective meter: measures specific areas and takes an avg of the light 2. Centere weighted: looks at center of frame and takes avg of light.
What is equally important as position? give examples the choice of format. The 'landscape' format conveys tranquility and harmony. The 'portrait' format can create a dynamic atmosphere and the different shape of the picture area can be 'filled' easier (no empty space).
What can "magnetic" photo albums leave on images? adhesive residues & vinyl album pages can give off harmful fumes
What are the 3 major types for color film? 1. Agfa 2. Ektachrome 3. Kodachrome
What ratios work best? why? 2:1 or 4:1 because the allow for info to be seen in both the lit and shadow areas. This is because of film latitude: the contrast of light that the film can handle. 2:1 will have clear detail in the shadows, 4:1 will show quite dark shadows and the 8:1
how is data stored on cds or dvds? data is stored by creating 'pits' (tiny indentations). when laser is shone by the drive, then reflectivity values are measured and converted to file data.
What are the six points in visual hierarchy? 1. areas of greatest contrast attract attention first 2. highlights-bright areas 3. Warm tones--the more vibrant the earlier the viewer responds 4. Midtones and cool tones 5. Shadows with details 6. Mind skips past areas that are black with no de
When using a large DOF, what must be done to every element? every single element must be well proportioned, since the camera focuses on the total landscape, from front to back.
How is a light meter not always 100% accurate? meter tells you how to record an average-lit scene with average tones correctly.
to get maximum DOF, what is needed to happen next? Where is the best place to do this? How is this done≡≡ the focus needs to be found. best place to focus is at the hyperfocal distance of the lens you are using. if you have a manual lens, use the DOF preview scale to set this or find a chart or the mathematical formula and set the focus manually. You can a