| Terms |
Definitions |
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Uppers are
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stimulants.
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Examples of neurotransmitters.
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AcetylcholineDopamineNorepinephrineSerotoninEndorphinsSubstance PGABA
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Arecoline comes from
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betel nuts.
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Nicotine comes from
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tobacco plant leaves.
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Natural substances are
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produced by plants.
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Others are fully
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synthetic drugs.ex.Methadone (Dolophine)Propoxyphene (Darvon)
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Drug metabolites are excreted (eliminated from the body) in the urine by the
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kidneys.
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More than 4,000 plants
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contain psychoactive substances.
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Examples of Chemical names.
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tetrahydrocannabinol, alprazolam, oxycodone.
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Insufflation
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mucous membranes of nasal passages (onset 30-60 sec).
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Intravenous
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into vein (onset in 15-30 sec).
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Purposive withdrawal
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faked withdrawal symptoms or psychosomatic withdrawal symptoms (neurotic).
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Subcutaneous
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under the skin (onset 3-5 min).
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Chemical names
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provide information on the structure or function of the drug and are used in science and medicine.
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The three major types of depressant drugs are:
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Opiates/OpioidsSedative-hypnoticsAlcohol
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Psychoactive drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier because they are
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fat soluble.
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Metabolism is
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the process of processing and eliminating foreign substances from the body.
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Intramuscular
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into muscle mass (onset in 3-5 min).
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Desired effects
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People take drugs for confidence, energy, pain relief, anxiety control, social confidence, relief of boredom, altered consciousness, escape, or to gain a competitive edge.
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The brain is protected by
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a special barrier.
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Synthetic stimulants are
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produced in legal pharmaceutical labs or in illegal underground labs.ex:D, 1-amphetamine Methamphetamine Methylphenidate
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Sedative-hypnotics are used to
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reduce anxiety and induce sleepex.Pentobarbital (Seconal)Diazepam (Valium)
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Caffeine comes from
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coffee bush berries (beans), tea leaves and cola nuts.
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Mental effects of depressants.
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Reduced anxiety and emotional distress.Disinhibition of impulses and emotions.
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The fatty protective covering is called
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the blood-brain barrier.
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Pharmacodynamic tolerance
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nerve cells become less sensitive to the drug by producing fewer receptors.
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Select tolerance
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a person becomes tolerant to mood changes produced by a drug but not to other physical effects of that drug.
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Tolerance
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After repeated exposure to a drug the body begins to adapt to its presence. The person need larger doses to achieve their desired effects.
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Street names
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come from drug users and they change continuously.
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The two opiates/opioids are made by the opium poppy are
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Morphine and Codeine.
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Somatic peripheral fibers contain
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motor nerves that innervate skeletal muscles allowing voluntary movement, and sensory fibers that carry information from the body's sensory organs.
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Withdrawal
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when a user stops taking their drug of addiction, the body's chemistry tries to restore its original chemical balance and undesired side effects called withdrawal symptoms occur.
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Neurotransmitters are released into
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synapses, which are microscopic gaps between neurons.
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A drug is broken down into fragments called ________ principally by the ______.
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metabolites, liver.
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The nervous system is
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the principal of psychoactive drugs. It is a network of 100 billion nerve cells (neurons) with 100 trillion connections.
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Drugs are grouped or classified by their
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physical and emotional effects.
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Tissue dependence
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tissues and organs come to depend on a drug just to function normally.
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Examples of how health affects metabolic rates.
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Diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis reduce liver function and slow metabolism.
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Academic Model
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It is the use of drugs that causes the body to adapt through physiological mechanisms such as tolerance, tissue dependence, withdrawal, and psychological dependence.
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Nerves cells, or neurons, are
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the building blocks of the nervous system.
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Example of how other drugs affect metabolic rates.
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When alcohol is present, the liver metabolizes it first and delays the breakdown of other drugs such as Xanax or Valium.
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Level of use is judged first by
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the amount, frequency, and duration of use, then by the effect use has on the individuals life.
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A psychoactive drug can be referred to by its
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chemical name, trade name, or street name.
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Example of how race affects metabolic rates.
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More than 50 percent of Asians break down alcohol slower than Caucasians.
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uppers
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stimulants
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Synthetic Opiates/Opioids
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-Methadone
-Propoxyplene
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damages lungs
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Smoking marijuana_______.
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1 demitasse expresso
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200 mg
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Antagonist
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Reduces activity of neurotransmitter
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LSD
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lysergic acid diethylamide (hallucinogen)
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cocaine
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from leaves of coca plant
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Inhaling
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Small amounts go into body
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alter
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Psychedlics______ the functioning of numerous neurotransmitter systems.
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Depressants
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alcohol, antihistamines, opioids like heroin, benzodiazepines
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Metabolsim
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The process of processing and eliminating foreign substances from the body. *A drug is broken down into fragments called Metabolites principally but the Liver.
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relief phase
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satisfaction derived from escaping negative feelings in using the drug
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Albert Hoffman:
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*He made LSD in 1943
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non purposive
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withdrawal with actual physical symptoms that occur when drug use ceases
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experimentation
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the first stage of drug use
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Serotonin facilitates __, raises self esteem, and increases sexual activity
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sleep
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muscle relaxants are used to
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treat sprains,strains,spasms,tremors
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Inhalants offer what?
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cheap and quick highs
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plants that contain psychoactive substances
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over 4000 plants
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Protracted withdrawal
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Sensory imput ie smells, stimulates memories of use
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Acute Toxicity of Alcohol-
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*LD/ED: 6-10
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of .05 is lethal
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smoked
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how is cocaine delivered fastest to the brain?
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___ are the most widely used sedative-hypnotics
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benzodiazepines
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Long-term and recovery
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1.Endogenous craving- caused by depletion of dopamine and is treated by abstinence.
2.Environmentally triggered craving can cause relapse when environmental cues, people, or places stimulate induce protracted withdrawal symptoms.
3.Counselling, Group sessions, and desensitizing techniques
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examples of barbiturates
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-phenobarbital: slow-acting drug can last 12-24 hrs; reduce seizures
-Seconal: short acting compound last 3-6 hrs;sleep aid; fav party drug for downers
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stimulants called "uppers"
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cause increased alertness, excitation, and euphoria
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designer heroin
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street versions of fentanyl known as "China White" made without controls and can be very dangerous
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Drugs of Schedule I
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Heroin, LSD, PCP, Peyote, Marijuana
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Physiological Effect of Marijuana-
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*Decrease blood pressure while standing/Increase while sitting
*Head rush
*Reddening of eyes
*Increase appetite
*Dry mouth
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bad trips
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PCP is not widely used because of______.
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Heroin is more addictive because it crosses ___ more rapidly
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blood/brain barrier
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Detoxification and initial abstinence
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1. treatment for psychological symptoms
2.treatmeant for physical problems- exhaustion, dehydration, malnutrition.
3.Medical treatment- anti-depressants, antipsychotics, and sedatives.
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methaqualone (Quaalude)
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abused by young people in 1970's
alot of overdose
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What is found in correction fluid and paint and spot removers, causes depression effects and moderate hallucinations.
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Trichloroethylene
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sedatives definition
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produced a calming effect on the mood and behavior and are often prescribed to reduced anxiety
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Health Risks of Smoking-
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*Heart risk doubles
*Quadruples for heavy smokers
*90% of long cancer is due to smoking
*25% survival
*Risk of other cancers
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potency, 90s
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____ of street varities in ______ is greater than it was in the 60s with marijuana
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club drugs
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Drugs used at raves. Most common drug used is MDMA (ecstasy)
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What ailments was cocaine hydrochloride recommended for?
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depression, asthma, and alcohol addiction
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benzodiazepines are used to treat...
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-anxiety and panic disorders
-surgical patients
-sleep disorders
-spasms and seizures
-acute alcohol withdrawal
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how many kg of leaves does it take to make 1 kg of cocaine?
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250kg
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Lethal Dose (LD)
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*The smallest dose of a certain drug able of producing death in a giving % of the population
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The highest levels of BAC occur __ to __ minutes after drinking
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30 90
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What are theraputic drugs?
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Drugs used for medical problems and usually in an approved manner
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Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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*An inhibitory in the brain, it helps for you not to be anxious
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Benzodiazepines are used to treat 3 things:
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anxiety, sleep problems, control spasms
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How did he personally test the pain killing properties himself
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Went to dentist on it
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Routes of Admin. of Ampetamines
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Oral- coated pills to avoid the Bitter Taste
Injection and Snorting- causes tissue irritaion
Smoking-most addicitng
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How do most inhalants cause brain damage in high doses
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What do they reduce/restrict in the brain? Hind brain/ no oxygen to the brain
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What are the effects of volatile nitrites?
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Dilation of blood vessels; rush of blood to the brain and pounding of heart. Relaxation of smooth musclesAbused, especially among urban male homosexuals, for euphoric and enhanced sexual stimulation.
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arecoline
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from betel nuts
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Sedative-hypronics
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-reduce anxiety
-induce sleep
-Pentobarbital
-Diazepam
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nicotine
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from tobacco plant leaves
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Intravenous Injection:
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*needle into VEIN
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Steps of Treatment
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1.Detocification
2.Intial Abstinence
3.Long-term abstinence
4. Recovery
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1 cup brewed american
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100 mg
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cocaine comes from
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coca plant (erythroxylon coca)
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All arounders (hallucinogens)
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*Marijuana
Psilocybin (found in mushrooms)
Mescaline (found in the Peyote cactus)
LSD (synthetic)
Ketamine (synthetic)
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Over-the-counter (OTC)
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Drugs sold without a prescription.
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How Drugs Exit the Body 1/5
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*Urine
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50
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More then____% of motor vehicles fatalities include alcohol use.
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ibogaine
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produced by african tabernanthe iboga shrub
long acting psychdelics in high doses
stimulant in low doses
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alcoholics suffer from
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depression and anxiety disorders
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cocaine medical use
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only natural occurring topical anesthetic. it is used to numb nasal passages when inserting breathing tubes
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Drug(s)
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Any substances that modify (either by enhancing, inhibiting, or distorting) mind and/or body functioning.
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Oral ingestion time to reach body
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20-30 minutes
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Dopamine:
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*In the brain who's activity is related to emotions and motor control
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Drinking during pregnancy is the leading cause of __
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mental retardation
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main classes of psychedelics
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Indole psychedelics (LSD, Psilocybin)
Phenylalkylamines (Mescaline, ecstasy...MDMA)
Anticholinergies (Belladonna)
Others (PCP, Ketamine)
Cannabinols
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) abnormalities
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-growth retardation
-CNS abnormalities
-structural abnormalities(head and face)
-delayed intellectual development
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In Annorexia, how many victims are feared of their current weight?
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15-60%
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hypnotics definition
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short acting drugs designed to induce sleep
name comes from hypnosis - a sleep like state
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cocathyelene
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a byproduct formed by the liver whn very high levls of alcohol and cocaine are present in the blod
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the two main broups of sedative-hypnotics are :
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benzodiazepines and barbiturates
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when was barbiturates 1st developed
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end of nineteenth century
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betel nuts effects are similar to
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nicotine or string coffee
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floaters or chippers
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third category of drug users, these users vacillate between the need for pleasure seeking and the desire to relieve moderate to severe psychological problems
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Cross Tolerance (Pharmacology):
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*What happens when the tolerance that results from the large use of one drug, creates a tolerance effect with regard to a second drug that has not been use before
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illusions, delusions, hallucinations.
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What are the mental effects of psychedelics?
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habitual
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the middle phase of drug use, the user starts to seek drugs
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Is it possible to die from an acute overdose of nicotine?
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yes
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Effect of cocaine (2)
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Blocks the reuptake of these substances following their release from neurons
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Injecting (administration)
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The drug is put dirctly into the body with a needle.
-Intravenous, into vein, (onset in 15-30 secs)
-Intramuscular, into muscle mass, (onset in 3-5 mins)
-Subcutaneous, under the skin, (onset 3-5 mins)
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Inhaling, conact
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Which is the fastest way a drugs gets to the brain?slowest?
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Worldwide, over the next decade or two, deaths due to tobacco use are projected to: taper off/ reach a plateau/ drop significantly/ increase a great deal
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increase a great deal
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lowering cocaine vaporization pint to 98 degrees Celsius makes it
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smokable using glass pipes and lighters
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dendrites, axon, cell terminal, cell body
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four parts of the nerve system
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what were the first benzodiazepines to be manufactured and marketed?
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chlordiazepoide (librium) 1960 & diazepam (valium)1963
"miracle drugs" due to lack of addicting by 1975 100million prescriptions were written
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Second Hand Smoke is Dangerous-
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*3/4 of the nicotine ends in the room
*non-smokers who live with smokers have 33% higher risk of lung cancer
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blood alcohol content BAC
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measure of % of alcohol in 100mls of blood
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native american church of north america
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Derived from the tops (buttons) of the peyote cactus cut at ground level. About two million buttons are harvested each year for use by the_________.
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thomas Edison and president william mckinley endorsed the use of
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vin mariani ( a red wine laced with cocaine)
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Neurotransmitter 3/6
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*Dopamine
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Types of Depressents
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-opiates/opioids
-sedative-hyprotics
-Alcohol
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Semi-synthetic (downers)
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Diacetylmorphine (Heroin)
Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
Oxycodone(OxyContin)
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1 cup of TEA-
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*60mg.
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general emotional/ mental effects
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illusions
delusions
hallucinations
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Synthetic stimulants (Uppers)
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Methamphetamine, methylphenidate, D,1-amphetamine
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Smoking Dependance-
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*Nicotine is addictive
*Nicotine stimulates dopamine
*Produces physical and psychological addiction and withdrawal
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addiction
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a progressive disease process characterized by loss of control over use, obsession with use, continued use despite adverse consequences, denial that there are problems, and a powerful tendency to relapse
|
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endogenous craving
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caused by depletion of dopamine
|
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Fully Synthetic drugs (downers)
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Methadone (dolophine)
Propoxyphene (Darvon)
|
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Psychological effects of LSD:
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*Multilevel reality
*Exaggerated appearance
*Timelessness
*Perceived separation of mind and body
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fatty liver
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when the liver becomes enlarged
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what do all arounders do?
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distort perception
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blackouts
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no recall of events while intoxicated
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caffeine
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from coffee bush berries (beans), tea leaves and cola nuts
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Licit drugs
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Legalized drugs such as coffee, alcohol, and tobacco.
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Serotonin:
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*Int eh brain who's activity is related to emotions and sleep patterns
|
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addicted
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10-12% of adults that drink alcohol become______
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Metal/Emotional Effects of stimulants
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-increase alertness & attention
-elevated mood
-large dpses cause paranoid thoughts
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how were mushrooms used in pre columbian america and today?
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ceremonially
|
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low dose alcohol effects
|
-gastric juices stimulated
-blood vessel dilation
-relaxation and disinhibition
-increased sex drive
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formication
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sensations on or under skin that feel like tiny bugs ("crack or meth bugs")
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propoxyphene (darvon)
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opioid prescribed for mild to moderate pain, especially from dentists
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Nonpurposive withdrawal
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objective physical signs that are a result of tissue dependence: seizures, sweating, goosebumps
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blood-brain barrier
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what is the The capillaries which supply blood to the brain have a fatty protective covering
|
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abstinence
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the act of refraining from drug use and the lowest level of drug use
|
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A tolerance to opioids develops __, cinreasing the rate at which the body tissues become __ on drug
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rapidly dependent
|
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DMT (dimethyltryotamine)
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found in south america trees, vines, shrubs...produce short-term (30 min) hallucinations
|
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long term effects
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-"fatty liver" liver become enlarged cirrhosis where scar tissue replace normal liver cells
-heart problems (irregular rhythms&hypertension)
-brain atrophy
-loss of libido and erectile disfunction
-ulcers
-malnutrition
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chemicals that are released when tobacco is burned
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tar, carbon monoxide, nitrosamines
|
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Behavioral Tolerance
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A person can learn to behave sober after using awhile
|
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dispositional tolerance
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liver speeds up the disposal of the drug
|
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Dr. Albert Hoffman
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was the first to synthesize this synthetic form of an ergot fungus toxin. He discovered the halluciongenic properties in 1943 by accident (LSD)
|
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Golden Crescent
|
An area of the middle east that produces large amounts of opium
|
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Natural Substances
|
Cocaine- from the leaves of the coca plant
Nicotine-from tabacco plant leaves
Caffiene-from coffee bush berries
Cathonine-from the khat bush
Arceoline-from betel nuts
Yohimbine-from the yohimbe tree
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Three stages of cocaine withdrawal
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Crash (depression, agitation, suicidal thoughts, fatigue), Withdrawal (mood swings, cravings, obsession with drugs), Extinction (cues trigger craving, normal mood swings)
|
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How many heroin users are there worldwide?
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5 to 10 million
|
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realse of pent up anger
|
by lowering inhibtions alcohol may cause the ________, hatred or desire.
|
|
Problems with cocaine abuse
|
1.The Crash- Can be very debilitating, individuals sleeping 12 hours and not being able to function properly or perfrom normal activities.
2.Withdrawal- sets in after recovery from the crash and includes the inability to experience pleasure (Anhedonia) lack of energy or motivation (Anergia) and intense craving for the drug.
3.Polydrug Use- occurs wehn the users turn to downers like alcohol, valium, or heroin to ease the intense irritation. Cocaethylene, a byprduct formed by the liver when very high levels of both alcohol and cocaine are present in the blood.
4.Adulteration- Procaine had numbing effects similar to cocaine, but it does not cross the blood brian barrier.
5.Overdose- Very rapid heartbeat, chest pain, and hyperventilation often accompanied by a feeling of impending death. Cardiac arrest, seizure, stroke, repiratory failure, and even severe hyperthermia are causes of death.
6. Long-term use- can cause Stroke, Heart damage is caused by reduced blood flow to blood flowto heart muscles.
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small to moderate doses of amph causes
|
increases heart, blood pressure, suppress appetite
|
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Bad trips(acute anxiety reactions)
|
these usually occur with new users who dont know what to expect or experienced users who take too large a dose. Reactions include anxiety, fear, and paranoia.
|
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what psychoactive drug is most widely abused
|
alcohol && the oldest known
|
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movement under feet, visual illusions, sensory distortion, paranoia
|
very strong doses of marijuana can produce feelings of________________.
|
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benzodiazepines overdose when paired with..
|
overdose is more likely to occur when combined with downers, mainly alcohol
|
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The drug laws that have made the biggest impact on US prison populations are laws that:
|
make use and possession a crime
|
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The reward/ reinforcemet system of the old brain
|
causes an animal to repeat a behavior that increases chance of survival.
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