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Definitions |
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variable orifice flowmeter
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Thorpe tube
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How is radiation detected?
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Scintillating Counter
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SI unit of force
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newton (N)
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Are gamma rays particles?
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No, electromagnetic waves
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pathway with length greater than width
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tube
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What is decay?
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an element changing into another
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states that at a particular temperature the amount of a gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid
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Henry's Law
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another word for partial pressure for gases in a solution
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tension
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increase in concentration (partial pressure) of a gas in the alveoli when a more soluble gas diffuses quickly into the bloodstream - results in increased rate of diffusion for the second gas
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second gas effect
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in laminar flow, as this fluid property decreases, flow increases
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viscosity
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type of flow usual in lower respiratory tract
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laminar
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What materials are not safe for MRI?
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Ferromagnetic material
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How do you measure PCO2?
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Severinghaus ElectrodeMeasurement of ventilation not oxygenationNL 5.3kpa or 40mmHgbased on [H+] measurementsCO2 + H2O = H2C03- = H+ + HCO3Indirect measurement of CO2Response time is 2-3 minTemperature control at 37CCompensate for humidification when calibrating
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PH
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Measure of hydrogen ion activity in a liquid.Very similar to hydrogen ion concentration [H+].PH = -log10[H+]As PH decreases, [H+] increases
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Explain the closed system
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Patients gases re-circulate because there is a soda lime co2 absorber. Has insp and exp one way valvesSaves FGF's so less expesiveBecause it's a closed system, don't worry as much about scavenged gases
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effect of decreasing the strong ion difference on body pH according to Stewart
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decreases pH
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strong ions according to Stewart
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K, Na, Cl, lactate
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critical temperature at which a gas mixture may separate into its constituents
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pseudocritical temperature
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equation which describes the effect of pressure, tube length/diameter, and viscosity on laminar flow
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Hagen-Poiseuille equation
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How do you measure [H+]?
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Ion selective electrodedependent on ion sens glasstemp must be 37CMust account for different tempsneeds calibration can be used fro urine and CSF also
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type of flow in which fluid has no eddies or turbulence
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laminar
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the ratio of the amount of substance present in one phase compared with another the two phases being of equal volume and in equilibrium
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partition coefficient
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Which of the following does NOT affect rate of laminar flow? pressure gradient, fluid viscosity, tube length, fluid density, tube diameter
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fluid density
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Dalton's Law equation
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Pmixture = P1 + P2 + P3...
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vapor pressure of a substance at its critical temperature
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critical pressure
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states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules
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Avogadro's hypothesis
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the time a process would have been complete had the initial rate of change continued
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time constant
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a substance in its gaseous phase above its critical temperature
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a gas
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force that will accelerate one kilogram one meter per second
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one newton (1 N)
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In a CSA, where does the power shift to in anesthesia?
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lower frequencies
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How fast does the gas sample drawn in to a gas analyzer (capnograph)?
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150 cc/min
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What is a laser?
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intense collimated beam of light or electromagnetic radiation
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What does the bicoherence index calculate?
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weighted average of spectral arraybicoerence burst supression
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What waveforms are important in capnography?
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RebreathingBreathing - Curare Notches indicate reversalVentilation - hypo/hyper CO2 -- ventilationValve ProblemsEmboli
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What are the three things most important for monitoring depth of anesthesia
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BP and HRPatient MovementMAC
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process in which the rate of change of a quantity at any time is proportional to the quantity at that time
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exponential process
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tendency of stream of fluid or gas to continue to flow along a convex surface
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Coanda effect
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Charles' Law equation
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V ∝ T
where V = volume
T = temperature
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What is Scavenging of gases?
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Removal of toxic gases or anesthetic gases from OR
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Pro's and Con's with Open System
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Pro's: Simplest, no valves, patient remains breathing, no resistance.Con's: Little control over concentration delivered, no positive pressure ventilation, dilution with air may occur, peak flow my reach 50L/min
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What is the SI unit of radioactivity?
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Becquerelone disintegration of a nucleus per second
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point at which 50% of patients cease to move in response to a stimulus
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MAC (minimum alveolar concentration)
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the volume of a gas which dissolves in one unit volume of a liquid at the temperature concerned
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Ostwald solubility coefficient
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Universal Gas Constant equation
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PV = nRT
where P = pressure
V = volume
n = moles
R = constant
T = temperature
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What are some clinical uses for gas chromatography?
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Measure Volatile anesthetics (both concentrations and scavenged gases)Measures barbs, benzos, steroids, and catecholamines
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What is another type of liquid or gas analysis that separates a mixture into it's components to measure concentrations. What is a disadvantage of this type?
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Gas/Liquid Chromatography.Cannot do continuous analysis
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What are evoked potentials used for?
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determining cohesion of pathways. As you deepen anesthesia, less correlation.
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Which T-Piece is used in pediatrics and why?
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Mapleson DClose to the patient's airway to avoid deadspaceHas exp valve to avoid problems during spont ventilationdecreased resistance
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What is an unstable nucleus of an isotope?
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radionuclideit may degenerate into another atom
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Third Perfect Gas Law equation
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P ∝ T
where P = pressure
T = temperature
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What is the most important clinical sign for adequate anesthesia?
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Patient movement. Therefore try not to paralyze unless absolutely necessary.
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What is the Ambu bag an example of? And what is it used for?
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Non-Rebreathing systemHas one way insp. and exp. valvesGases do no mix.Used for emergencies, and controlled ventilationCan't use on spontaneously breathing patients.
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What is important to know regarding radiation safety?
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all exposure may cause tissue and chromosomal damageKeep exposure to minimumEffects are inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the sourceWear radiation badges
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What is the percent occurrence of Awareness? and when does it usually occur?
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0.01% 1 in 1000Trauma or cardiac patients
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Hagen-Poiseuille equation
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Q = (π P d^4) / (128 η l)
where Q = flow
π = 3.14...
P = pressure
d^4 = tube diameter raised to the 4th power
η = viscosity
l = tube length
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states that at constant volume the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the temperature
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Third Perfect Gas Law
OR Gay Lussac's Law
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states that in a mixture of gases the pressure exerted by each gas is the same as that which it would exert if it alone occupied the container
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Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
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What is an alpha particle? Beta?
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Alpha - 2 protons and 2 neutronsBeta - electron may be emitted
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What is the auditory evoked potential
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based on fact that hearing is the last thing to go under anesthesia. Amplitude diminishes with increasing anesthesia
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What is the Coaxial T piece?
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The Bain circuit which is known as the modification of the Mapleson D T piece. Used for controlled ventilation of the pediatric patientFresh Gas Flow line is in the limb of the TFGF should still be 2.5 times the TVDon't let it kinkWarms inspired gases
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to determine time left on a cylinder of nitrous oxide, you must determine the volume of gas available from both...
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the liquid phase and the vapor phase
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What is the benefit of the Expiratory pause?
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Can decrease the amount of fresh gas flow needed
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a compressed gas is any mixture or material having in a container at least one of these
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1) >104 psia @ 130F
2) >40 psia @ 70F
3) >40 psia @ 100F for any liquid flammable material
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