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Definitions |
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Birth rate
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Natality
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Inbreeding
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breeding with relatives
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Dispersion
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The spatial distribution of individuals within the population.
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Forms protists can take
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Unicellular
Colonial
Multicellular (but not complex)
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Another name for innate behaviors
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Instincts
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Developed Countries
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Modern, industrialized countries. (ex. US, Japan, Germany, etc.)
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Fungi are dominantly _______ except for temporary structures that they form for sexual reproduction
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Haploid
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Supports life throughout the environment; also called the Food Chain
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Energy Cycle
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The study of how photosynthetic organisms and animals are distributed in a particular location, plus the history of their distribution in the past
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Biogeography
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Populations that interact with each other in a particular ecosystem
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Community
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density-independent factor
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factor such as temperature, storms, floods, drought, or habitat disruption that affects all populations, regardless of their density
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Density-Dependent Factors
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Resource limitations, such as food shortages or nesting sites, and are triggered by increasing population density.
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Population Density
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Measures how crowded a population is...
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Immigration
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The movement of individuals into a population.
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Agricultural Revolution
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10,000-12,000 years ago; the time people began to domesticate animals and plants.
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The three basic types of learned behaviors in animals
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Conditioning
Habituation
Imprinting
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The community that stabilizes after succession ends
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Climax community
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Behavior patterns that take into account other individuals
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Social behavior
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Two distinct groups of Monera
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Eubacteria ("true" bacteria)
Archaea (formerly archaeabacteria)
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Members of this kingdom are the producers within the food chain
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Plantae
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A scientist who demonstrated support for the Oparin Hypothesis by successfully simulating the conditions of early Earth history and producing complex organic molecules
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Stanley Miller
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Some arthropods are born as ______, while others start life as ______
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nymphs
larvae
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An organization of individuals in a population in which tasks are divided, in order for the group to work together
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Society
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Biotic limiting factors such as population growth issues and interactions between species are also called ____________
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Density-dependent factors
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Abiotic limiting factors are also known as these, because they do not relate to population density.
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Density-independent factors
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A dynamic balance achieved within an ecosystem functioning at its optimum level
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Homeostasis
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Bacteria, fungi, and some animals that recycle the organic material found in dead plants and animals, back into the food chain
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Decomposers
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Temporary movement out of one range into another, and back
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Migration
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A term for the relationship between two species that interact with each other within the same range
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Symbiosis
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When the entire population of a species is eliminated
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Extinction
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age structure
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proportion of people in different age groups in a population
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Demographic Transition
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Model that shows the how population changes happen.
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Logistics Model
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Builds on the exponential model but accounts for the influence of limiting factors.
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Life Expectancy
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How long the average individual is expected to live.
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Numerous food chains that interact in various ways
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Food web
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The sudden appearance of multitudes of differentiated animal forms in fossil records, beginning about 570 million years ago
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Cambrian explosion
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Snails, bivalves, octopuses, and squids are examples of this phylum, where most members have shells
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Mollusca, meaning thin-shelled, soft
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Binomial nomenclature used for species identification
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Genus and species
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The first populations to move back into a disturbed ecosystem (usually a hardy species that can survive bleak conditions)
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Pioneer communities
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Route by which carbon is obtained, used, and recycled by living things
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Carbon cycle
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The species development that can occur when two populations are geographically isolated from each other and experience genetic drift and/or mutation over time
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Allpatric speciation
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Limiting Factor
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Any factor that retains the growth of a population.
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Availability of food, competition, predator-prey relationships, symbiosis, and overpopulation
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Biotic factors of a habitat
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The period (505 to 440 million years ago) known for the development of land plants and the appearance of the first vertebrates
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Ordovician Period
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An organism that can survive with or without oxygen
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Facultative anaerobe
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Three mechanisms that drive the changing of traits over time in a population
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1. Differential reproduction
2. Mutation
3. Genetic drift
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Seven basic levels of the taxonomy of living things
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Major biochemical cycles important to the health of ecosystems
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Water cycle
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Phosphorus cycle
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When species arrive on an island by sea or by air, they are said to have arrived by _________
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Natural dispersal processes
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The law describing how random mating that occurs within a population (one that exists in equilibrium with its environment) results in gene frequencies and genotype ratios remaining constant from generation to generation
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Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium
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Segmented worms, such as leeches, earthworms, and polychaete worms are all part of this phylum
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Annelida, from Latin anellus "little ring"
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