Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Ear
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| hertz for dogs | 40,000 |
| for determining angular motion | ampulla |
| anvil | the middle ossicle; transfers vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup |
| two jobs of ears | auditory, balance |
| stirrup | the third ossicle; transfers vibration sent to it from the hammer and anvil to the cochlea |
| auricle/pinnae | external structure that collects and directs sound waves to the auditory canal |
| 2 sacs of balance | saccule and utricle |
| organ of corti | membrane with hair cells |
| auditory canal | focuses sound to middle ear |
| pinnae | outer ear; focus on sound waves |
| hertz | measure of sound; high more vibrations, low less vibrations |
| Main Components of the Ear | OuterMiddleInnerCentral Auditory Nervous System |
| hammer | the first ossicle; it touches the eardrum and transfers vibration from the eardrum to the anvil |
| pitch | frequency; how many sound waves per second |
| amplitude | how loud volume is-measured trough to peak |
| external auditory canal | tube that conducts external sound waves to the inner ear |
| Eustachian tube | connects the middle ear wit hthe roof of the mouth |
| lateral line of fish | hear vibrations; sends pressure waves stimulating membrane, stimulating hair cells; fish will read as vibrations; deep water pushes against membrane and sense depth |
| What is a Cochlea? | Snail shaped organ with fluid filled tunnels; converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. |
| hair cells attached to dendrites move hair cells to stimulates neuron | membrane variable in diameter |
| What are hair cells? | High pitch are at the base of the cochlea, low pitch at the apex. |
| vestibule | (vestibul/o) |
| Auditory | hearing |
| HL | hearing level |
| -acusis | hearing condition |
| tympanitis | inflammation of eardrum |
| otorrhagia | bleeding from the ear |
| Apex | pointed toward eye sockets |
| What innervates the stapedius m? | CNVII |
| carcinoma |
ulcerated crusted nodule with indurated base hta fails to heal (bleeds, refer fo biospy) -occur: superior rim of the pinna -most sun exposure, may also ear canal and shows chronic discharge |
| ossicle | bones in the middle ear,malleus, incus, and stapes (staped/o), handle of the malleus is connected to the tympanic membrane. The footplate of the stapes, when it moves, touches the oval window, which leads to the inner ear |
| Which nerve innervates the tensor tympani muscle? | CNV3 |
| common abnormalities | squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous cyst, basal cell carcinoma, preauricular skin tag, tophi |
| Darwin's Tubercle |
small painless nodule at helix -congenital variation |
| Otitis Media | inflammation of middle ear (ear infection) |
| innervation around and inside the meatus is by... | CN X |
| Otoscopy | is the visual inspection of the structures of the outer and middle ear using a hand-held, lighted magnifying device called an otoscope |
| hearing aid | an electronic device that amplifies sound used by people with impaired hearing |
| deafness | general term for partial or complete hearing loss |
| Otitis Externa | painful movement, redness and serous drainage |
| perforation |
occur from trauma + acute ottis media -appears as a round or oval darkened area on drum -central:parstensa -marginal: annulus |
| Tympanosclerosis | 1) scaring of the tympanic membrane that CAUSES conductive hearing loss |
| name the 2 ossicles of the inner ear | malleusincusstapes |
| audiometer | an electric device used to measure the sensitivity of hearing by delivering a series of acoustic tones that range from very low to very high frequencies |
| Just beyond the ear drum, mostly filled with air. | Middle Ear |
| aerotitis media | inflammation of the middle ear from changes in atmospheric pressure, often occurs in frequent air travel |
| excessive pressure within the middle ear causes | conductive hearing loss |
| name the 3 parts of the bony labyrinth | cochleavestibulesemicircular canals |
| ossification | The development of bone or of a bony substance. |
| What is the outer rim of the external ear called? | helix |
| swimmer's ear, narrowed, swollen, moist, pale or reddened, tender | Inner portion of ear canal |
| Triangular Tunnel | Tunnel of cortiOpen space in organ of corti created by the pilar cellsthere are a lot of nerve fibers that run through the tunnel to get to the inner hair cells |
| the outer ear is also called the | auricle or pinna |
| Surfer's ear symptoms | normally asymptomatic but may causes conductive loss if too large |
| all rows of hair cells are adjacent to __ ___ cells. | outer pillar |
| Where is the inner ear located? | petrous portion of temporal bone |
| cutaneous cyst | a benign closed firm sac that lies in the dermis forming a done-shaped lump. It can be moved over underlying tissues but is attached to the epidermis, a blackhead may be visible on the surface |
| Coding for loudness | a. loud sounds produce sound waves of a greater amplitude than quiet ones b. likewise, louder sounds produce larger waves in the cochlear fluid &larger movements of the basilar membrane c. this causes greater bending of the hairs and an increase of the receptor potential and more ap's in the cochlear nerve,which the brain interprets as louder. |
| what are the two parts of the inner ear? | bony labyrinthmembranous labyrinth |
| What is in the middle ear? | eustachian tube, mastoid air cells and ossicles |
| Describe the Periphreal Auditory System | Ear drum pushed in wards when compression, outward when rarefractionWhen ear drum moves ossicles move bc they are attatched. When ear drum vibrates ossicles vibrateOssicles overcome impedance mismatch |
| The saccule is continuous with the ___ duct through the __ ____. | - cochlear duct- ductus reunions |
| Name the 3 layers of the tympanic membrane. | squamous epithelium (latera), febrous layer w/ circular and radial fibers and mucous membrane (medial) |
| Gross hearing examination positive findings | patient unable to hear fingers at 2 feet away |
| Differenes between the Inner and Outter hair cells | - outer hair cells have a cuticular plate and more sterocilia sticking out of the top than innerouter hair cells are more sensitive and easier to damageouter hair cells stand more straight up and downouter hair cells have something on the wall called sterocirta which are muscle proteins that allot the hair cell to expand and contract.it allows the hair cell to have more frequency specificity and amplifys sound |
| If the cartilage is struck hard enough to cause a hematoma between the cartilage and perichondrium what can result? | the cartilage will die and reduce in size (cauliflower ears) |
| The organ of corti: coding for pitch | 1. a pure tone will contain sound waves of a particular frquency: the range detectable by the human ear ranges from 20-20000 hertz aka c.p.s cycles pr sec aks pitch. 2. low frequency sounds travel farthers than higher frequency sounds. Their longer wavelengths stimulate most those hair cells near the end of the organ of Corti. 3. Converselely,higher frequency sounds stimulate most those hair cells near the beginning of the organ of corti. 4. the brain interprets a/p from different groups of hair cells as different pitches |
| Entitlements- | government programs, such as unemployment insurance, disaster relief, and disability payment that provide benefits to all eligible citizens |
| Deficit- | the difference between the revenues raised annually from sources of income other than borrowing and the expenditures of government, including paying the interest on past borrowing |
| Antitrust Legislation- | Federal Laws (starting with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890) that tried to prevent a monopoly from dominating an industry and restraining trade |
| Regulation- | efforts by government to alter the free operation of the market to achieve social goals such as protecting workers and the environment |
| Collective Bargaining- | method whereby representatives of the union and employer determine wages, hours, and other conditions of employment through direct negotiation |
| Monetary Policy- | government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates |
| Fiscal Policy- | government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending |
| Bipartisanship- | a policy that emphasizes a united front and cooperation between the major political parties, especially on sensitive foreign policy issues |
| Trade Deficit- | an imbalance in international trade in what the value of imports exceeds the value of exports |
| Policy Agenda- | the informal list of issues that Congress and the president consider most important for action |
| Tariff- | tax levied on imports to help protect a nation’s industries, labor or farmers from foreign competition, it can also be used to raise additional revenue |
| Bush Doctrine- | a policy adopted by the Bush administration in 2001 that asserts American’s right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that might be used against U.S. interests at home or abroad |
| Weapons of Mass Destruction- | biological, chemical and nuclear weapons that can inflict massive casualties in a single event |
| Closed Shop- | a company with a labor agreement under which union membership is a condition of employment |
| Excise Tax- | consumer tax on a specific kind of merchandise, such as tobacco |
| Progressive Tax- | a tax graduated so that people with higher incomes pay a larger fraction of their income than people with lower incomes |
| Tax Expenditure- | loss of tax revenue due to federal laws that provide special tax incentives or benefits to individuals or businesses |
| National Debt- | the total amount of money the federal government has borrowed to finance deficit spending over the years |
| Congressional Budget Office (CBO)- | an agency of Congress that analyzes presidential budget recommendations and estimates the cost of proposed legislation |
| Office of Management and Budget (OMB)- | presidential staff agency that serves as a clearinghouse for budgetary requests and management improvements for government agencies |
| North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)- | agreement signed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1992 to form the largest free trade zone in the world |
