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Definitions |
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Four Major Prophets
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Isaiah
Jeremiah
Ezekiel
Daniel
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12 Minor Prophets
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Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
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Topics of Micah
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Punishment (retribution)
Pardon (restoration)
Promise (repentance)
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Book of Amos
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Hypocritical religious motions had replaced true worship, creating a false sense of security and a growing callousness to God’s disciplining hand.
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Survey of Isaiah(cont.)
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Historical Parenthesis (36 – 39)
This historical parenthesis looks back to the Assyrian invasion of Judah in 701 B.C. and anticipates the coming Babylonian invasion of Judah.
Judah escapes captivity by Assyria (36 – 37; 2 Kings 18-19), but they will not escape from the hands of Babylon (38-39; 2 Kings 20).
God answers King Hezekiah’s prayers and delivers Judah from Assyrian destruction by Sennacherib.
Hezekiah also turns to the Lord in his illness and is granted a fifteen-year extension of his life.
But he foolishly shows all his treasures to the Babylonian messengers, and Isaiah tells him that the Babylonians will one day carry his treasure and descendants to their land.
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Authorship
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Isaiah, the “Saint Paul of the OT,” was evidently from a distinguished Jewish family
His education is evident in his impressive vocabulary and style.
His work is comprehensive in scope and beautifully communicated.
Isaiah maintained close contact with the royal court, but his exhortations against alliances with foreign powers were not always well received.
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Focus of Obadiah
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Judgment of Edom (1-18)
Restoration of Israel (19-21)
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Place and Time of Amos
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Surrounding Nations
Northern Kingdom of Israel
c. 760 – 753 B.C.
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Focus of Jonah
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First Commission of Jonah (1-2)
Second Commission of Jonah (3-4)
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Introduction and Title(cont.)
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Yesha’yahu and its shortened form yeshaiah mean “Yahweh is Salvation.”
This name is an excellent summary of the contents of the book.
The Greek form in the Septuagint is Hesaias, and the Latin form is Esaias or Isaias.
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Authorship (cont.)
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In Romans 9:27 and 10:16-21, Paul quotes from Isaiah (10; 53; and 65) and gives the credit to Isaiah.
The same is true of Matthew 3:3; 12:17-21; Luke 3:4-6; and Acts 8:28
If chapters 40 – 66 were written by another prophet after the events took place, it is a misleading and deceptive work.
Also, it would lead to the strange conclusion that one of Israel’s greatest prophets would be the only writing prophet of the OT to go unnamed
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Survey of Isaiah
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Isaiah, the “Shakespeare of the prophets,” has often been called the “evangelical prophet” because of this incredibly clear and detailed messianic prophecies.
The “gospel according to Isaiah” has three major sections:
Prophecies of condemnation (1-35);
Historical parenthesis (36 – 39); and
Prophecies of comfort (40 – 66)
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Divisions of Micah
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Judgment on the People (1 - 2)
Judgment on Leadership (3)
Promise of Coming Kingdom (4)
Promise of Coming Captivities (4 - 5)
Promise of Coming King (5)
1st Plea of God (6)
2nd Plea of God (6-7)
Promise of Final Salvation (7)
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Background/Origin of Obadiah
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Obadiah was an obscure prophet who probably lived in the southern kingdom of Judah.
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The Meaning of Prophecy(cont.)
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Many believed that predictions of events that were at a far distance from their own day was the main concern of the prophets.
Less than 2% of OT prophecy is Messianic (pointing to Christ)
Less than 5% specifically describes the new-covenant age
Less that 1% concerns events yet to come in our time
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The Problem of History
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The issue of historical distance complicates our understanding of the Prophets.
The events outlined in the Prophetical books occurred many centuries ago and carry different meanings and connotations today
As people far removed from the religious, historical, and cultural life of ancient Israel, we simply have difficulty putting the words spoken by the prophets in there proper context
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Introduction and Title
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Isaiah is like a miniature Bible
The first 39 chapters (like the 39 books of the OT) are filled with judgment upon immoral and idolatrous men.
Judah has sinned
the surrounding nations have sinned;
the whole earth has sinned
Judgment must come
God cannot allow such blatant sin to go unpunished forever
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Place and Time of Joel
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Southern Kingdom of Judah
c. 835 B.C.
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The Book of Micah
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Micah prophesied during a period of intense social injustice in Judah. False prophets preached for riches, not for righteousness..
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Facts about books of Prophecy(cont.)
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Ancient Judaism grouped the twelve shorter prophetic books into one large book.
This book was called “The Book of Twelve” or simply “The Twelve”
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The Function of Prophecy in Israel(cont.)
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The prophets’ message is unoriginal
-The prophets message is a rewording of the ethic and essential content of the original Mosaic covenant warnings and promises (blessings and curses)
-The exact wording may be unique, or in a sense ‘novel’ but the concepts expressed restate faithfully what God had already expressed to His people in the Pentateuch.
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Christ in Isaiah (cont.)
Christological prophecies with their NT fulfillments
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7:14 (Matt. 1:22-23);
9:1-2 (Matt. 4:12-16);
9:6 (Luke 2:11; Eph. 2:14-18);
11:1 (Luke 3:23, 32; Acts 13:22:23);
11:2 (Luke 3:22);
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Date and Setting (cont.)
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Isaiah ministered from the time of Tiglath-pileser (745 – 727 B.C.) to the time of Sennacherib (705 – 681 B.C.) of Assyria.
He outdated Hezekiah by a few years because 37:38 records the death of Sennacherib in 681 B.C.
Hezekiah was succeeded by his wicked son Manasseh who overthrew the worship of Yahweh and no doubt opposed the work of Isaiah.
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Date and Setting of Jonah
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Jonah was a contemporary of Jeroboam II of Israel (782-753 B.C.) who ministered after the time of Elisha and just before the time of Amos and Hosea.
The repentance of Nineveh probably occurred in the reign of Ashurdan III (773-755B.C.)
Two plagues (765 and 759 B.C.) and a solar eclipse (763 B.C.) may have prepared the people for Jonah’s message of judgment.
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What does th name Nahum mean.
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The Hebrew word nahum (“comfort, consolation”) is a shortened form of Nehemiah (“Comfort of Yahweh”).
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Date and Setting of Amos
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Amos prophesied “in days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel, two year before the earthquake” (1:1).
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Amos anticipates the 722 B.C. Assyrian captivity of Israel (7:11) and indicates that at the time of writing, Jeroboam II was not yet dead. Thus, Amos prophesied in Beth-el about 755 B.C.
Amos ministered after the time of Obadiah, Joel, and Jonah and just before Hosea, Micah, and Isaiah.
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Theme and Purpose
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The basic theme of the book of Isaiah is found in Isaiah’s name: salvation is of the Lord.
The word salvation appears 26 times in Isaiah but only 7 times in all the other prophets combined.
Chapters 1-39 portray man’s great need for salvation, and chapters 40 – 66 reveal God’s great provision of salvation.
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Timeline of Events Chronicling Isaiah’s Ministry
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930 B.C. - Northern and Southern Kingdoms divide
792 B.C. - Uzziah becomes king in Judah
755 B.C. - Isaiah begins to prophesy in Judah
752 B.C. - Jotham's reign begins in Judah
736 B.C. - Ahaz begins his reign in Judah
734 B.C. - Israel and Syria make war against Judah
732 B.C. - Damascus falls to the Assyrians
729 B.C. - Hezekiah becomes King in Judah
722 B.C. - The Northern Kingdom is taken captive by the Assyrians
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Christological prophecies with their NT fulfillments(cont.)
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28:16 (1 Pet. 2:4-6);
40:3-5 (Matt. 3:1-3);
42:1-4 (Matt. 12:15-21);
42:6 (Luke 2:29-32);
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The Mechanism of Sanctification
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The Law was God’s gift to the children of Israel to sanctify and discipline the nation
-It established the ways they were to live in community
-It provided for their relationship with and worship of God
-It set boundaries regarding their relationships with other cultures
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(Introduction) we will grow in
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In our relationship with God
In our fellowship with God’s people
In our understanding of God’s person, purpose, and plans for my life
In our ability to communicate the truth of God’s word to the world
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(Introduction)To know we will
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Learn to study the word of God
Learn to search the will of God
Learn to serve in the way of God
Learn to saturate the world with the love of God
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Who reigned during Joel prophetic ministry?
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Joel, prophesied during the reign of Joash (835-796 B.C.).
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Date and Setting of Nahum
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The fall of Nineveh to the Babylonians in 612 B.C. is seen by Nahum as a future event.
Nahum (3:8-10) refers to the fall of Thebes as a recent event, so this book must be dated after 664 B.C., the year when this took place.
Thus, Nahum can safely be placed between 663 and 612 B.C.
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Theme and Purpose of Jonah
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Jonah reveals the power of God in nature; and the mercy of God in human affairs. The prophet learned that “salvation is of the Lord” (2:9), and God’s gracious offer extends to all who repent and turn to Him.
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Intro to Old Testament(slide 2)
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In these 66 books we discover our past, understand our present, and attain hope for our future.
The OT is a redemptive history that lays the foundation upon which the NT is built.
There is a progressive revelation in the Scriptures, and what is anticipated in the OT is unfolded in the New.
The OT points ahead and the NT points back to the central event in all history – the substitutionary death of the Messiah.
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Intro to Old Testament(slide 1)
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The Bible is the greatest work of literature, history, and theology ever written.
In its production, preservation, proclamation, and product, it stands as the most unique book in existence.
It is a unity of a diversity of authors, time span, and literary forms.
The OT and NT smoothly blend the truths of eternity past to eternity future – from the heights of heaven to the depths of hell.
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Theme and Purpose of Amos
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The basic theme of Amos is the coming judgment of Israel because of the holiness of Yahweh and the sinfulness of His covenant people.
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Isaiah's Contribution to the Bible
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Isaiah is quoted in the NT far more than any other prophet.
He is mentioned 21 times by name, and chapter 53 alone is quoted or alluded to at least 85 times in the NT.
Isaiah is characterized by systematic presentation, brilliant imagery, broad scope, clarity, beauty, and power.
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Theme and Purpose of Joel
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The key theme of Joel is the day of the Lord in retrospect and prospect.
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Contribution of Nahum to the Bible
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Nahum is one of the three prophets who primarily focused on the judgment of Judah’s enemies.
The other two are: Obadiah (Edom) and Habakkuk (Babylonia).
Repentance and reformation was the calling of Nahum’s younger contemporaries, Zephaniah, Jeremiah, and Habakkuk.
Nahum is not quoted in the New Testament.
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The children of Israel had to become:
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1.An Army of warriors who could fight to conquer the land promised to their ancestors
2.A Community that would be able to live together in the desert and the Promised Land
3.A People who were established and directed to be God’s people – in relationship with each other and with God
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Introduction to Old Testament(slide 4)
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The 5 books of the Law can be combined with the 12 historical books to get the structure of OT Hebrew history.
The 17 historical books trace the entire history of Israel from its inception to the time of the prophet Malachi.
In the Pentateuch Israel was chosen, redeemed, disciplined, and instructed.
The remaining 12 historical books record the conquest of the land, the period of the judges, the formation of a united kingdom, and the division of that kingdom into the North (Israel) and the South (Judah).
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