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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for PS Final

Terms Definitions
Biafra a state proclaimed in 1967, when part of eastern Nigeria, inhabited chiefly bythe Ibo people, sought independence from the rest of the country. In the ensuing civil war the new state's troops were overwhelmed by numericallysuperior forces, and by 1970 it had ceased to exist.
Democracy Popular paritcipation in government
Authoritarian control Intimidation tactics, harassment, exile, imprisonment, execution
Unitary System Constituional arrangement whereby authority rests with the national government; subnatioanl governments have only those powers given to them by national governments
amendment vii rights at civil trial
Fajia legalism, legalist; more accurately referred to as the “School of Statecraft,” this is a retrospective term for a group of thinkers who emphasized the importance of impartial, amoral techniques for state management, including a strong emphasis on punishment and reward
Competition driving force & efficiency in capitalism
Cartel An association of producers or consumers (or both) of a certain product, formed for the purpose of manipulating its price on the world market.
constituents residents of a legislator's district; the people who are reprsented by a legislator
Definition of War -Declared hostilities-Armed incursion into foreign territory without a declaration of war**** Intervention occurs between these two-Occupation of foreign territory
Baker v. Carr reversed Colgrove. Political representation was justiciable: the courts were free to hear challenges to legislatively drawn districts. Baker opened the door to the One-man, One-vote rule, requiring equal-size districts.
Andrew Young • Definition: Similar to Barbara Jordan, he was on of the first southern blacks elected to Congress in the 1970s.• Importance: This was decades after northern states had elected black Congressmen. The reason for the lag in the South electing a black Congressmen is due to higher levels of racial polarization in the South as well as fewer political resources for blacks. Also,
interdependency states are self reliant, but they still are still responsible to each other
House of Commons Political Parties. Labor (working class, govt. control, unions) vs. Conservative (less govt, entrepreneurial)
WTO An organization begun in 1995 that expanded the goods and created monitoring and enforcement mechanisms. global, multilateral IGO that promotes, monitors, and adjudicates international trade. Shapes the overall expectations and practices of states regarding international trade.
implied powers powers not mentioned specifically in the Constituion as belonging to Congress but inferred as necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated powers
gender gap in politics, a reference to differences between men and women in political views, party affiliations, and voting choices
Kautilya’s six policy choices: -Peace:appeasement, nonviolence. Allow trade and resolve differences. this is done when you are weaker than your enemy and morally superior -War: Stronger than enemy with military superiority -Alliance: ally with one or more powers to improve your stability -Neutrality: there are times when a small state must stay outside the arena of conflict. -Marching(mobilization): suggests a policy that is short of war, organizing the economy for a prolonged period of war. -Double Policy:Fighting one and a half wars. Major war against enemy and a holding action against another.
Juan Manuel Rosas Caudillo dictator of Argentina, 1835-52, after which Argentina formed a constitution
Background problems A source of the constitution; deficiencies in the Articles of Confederation that led to the call for a Federal Convention; i.e. the national government had formal authority but not the effective power to tax, spend and borrow.
Packing • Def; creating a district that is “packed” with one voting bloc in a single member district, be it majority-minority or otherwise• Importance: gives minority voters/candidates more political say...whites sued North C. over redistricting, claiming district packing conflicted with equal protection clause of 14th amendment.
Global North/South Most highly developed countries are in the North. Most developing countries are in the south
$18,810 Poverty threshold in 2006 for a family of four
realism a paradigm based on the premise that world politics is essentially and unchangeably a strugglw amound self interested states for power and position under anarchy
Debt service a constant drain on whatever surplus is generated by investment money due to the payments a country must make on loans
Majority-minority districts districts in which minority racial or ethinic group members constitutie a majority of voters
divided party government in state politics, where the governorship is controlled byone party and one or both houses of the legislature is controlled by the other party
Burkean representation the belief that legislators should use their own best judgement about what is good for their state or nation rather than conforming to their constituents's narrow interest
United Fruit Company (UFCo) Powerful corporation in Central America with strong interests in banana cultivation for export, gaining vast power in regional governments and defense of its interests by US force
Victor Raul Haya de la Torre founder of APRA
Amend. XI Rights of states. Soverign Immunity - a citizen of one state cannot sue another state in a federal court.
Kellogg-Brian Pact A treaty signed by the United States, France, England, Germany, Japan, ect renouncing war as a national policy and allowing it only as self defense
21st cent potential of revos a. Justification for revo still standsi. Commercialization of agriii. Liberalized tradeiii. Threats to land and security/way of life continueiv. Easier and cheaper to get access to modern communication techv. Rise of human rights groupsvi. Government has learned that repression is harder to do now1. Ex- Bolivia/mexico
Monetary union two or more states share the same currency
Initiative A device by which a specific number or percentage of the votesr may petition to have a constitutional amendment or law placed on the ballot for adoption or rejection by the electorate; found in some sate constituions but not in the US Constitution
Victor Paz Estenssoro Leader of reformists who took over Bolivia in 1951, leading a regime implementing land reform, universal suffrage, and increased indigenous education until 1964
three-fifths compromise Held 3/5 of slaves would be counted for legislative representation but also for direct taxation of the states by the Federal Government
Criticism of Integrative Model Inra-ethnic competition can lead to "ethnic outbidding" Minorities end up in a subordinate position Institutions do not guarantee mutual security Presidential elections are necessarily zero sum No rela world example of a successful Integrative institution 
City life breeds... factory life / assembly line / great skills broken down into a series of small, simple steps.
Global warming a slow, long term rise in the average world temperature caused by the emission of greenhouse gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas)
serving the district legislators spend a great deal of time answering requests from constituents
Structure of the United States Cont. separation of powers/checks and balances. federalism. staggered electoral cycles/indirect election and appointment
UK disciplined political parties Must vote with your party or get kicked out, must APPLY to be in a party
Why is empowerment important when referring to minority voters? • Blacks and hispanics trust gov’t less--lower levels of belief in the fairness of American system, and less investment in America than whites • If you increase level of descriptive representation, you help empower minority communities, helping society as a whole by creating a new generation of minority citizens who are more invested in the success of the system
capitol, or sate house, press corps repoters from various news outlets who are assigned to cover state government full time. The capitol pres corps usually expands while the legislature is in session
How did Northwest Ordinance make it easier to form a stronger federal union? The smaller states no longer feared VA from becoming too powerful with a national government. The newly created state could then in turn work in favor of forming a stronger federal union.
bicameral two houses
autogolpe Fujimori's "self-coup" from 1993
Men of Words -people oriented-clear ideology-commited to new system-often intellecturals-Brittons gentlemen revos-articulate-charismatic leader-inspire ppl, give them sense of identity/power
lobbyists Individuals, groups, or organizations that actively seek to influence government policy
amend XVI Allowed Federal Income Tax
Perestroika -period of reconstructing economically and politically -encourage limited private ownership- not because wanted to liberalize but because people were famished -no longer need to be citizen to be communist member -decision making transferred from cadres to the locals- once again, it wasn't to liberalize or democratize, but to generate profit -with perestroika, people learned about outside world. they saw countries that were "worse" than them such as south korea and the other east asian tigers taking off. -with perestroika came the ethos of distrust because there wasnt much to show for the 5 year plans  -perestroika made them realize they dont have organized civil society 
wolf peasants why fight? i. Mounting strain-1. Population growth2. Commercialization fo agri- comp from international trade( comp for land, rent/taxes raised)3. Dislocation of elites, mediating btw state, connection is taken away-isolation increases to anger
Fiscal policy a government's decisions about spending and taxation, and one of the two major tools of macroeconomic policy making.
Political amateurs part-timers who participate in campaigns and party politics primarily during elections usually to support a specific candidate or cause
media campaign contacting potential voters and soliciting their support primarily through television, radio, newspapers, and internet advertising
Historicism -search out relevant examples in international history and, from it, arrives at certain rules of statecraft.-look at history, find examples, induce theory case studies-“history is the laboratory of the political scientist”
Power Sharing constitutional arrangements to ensure that the major political parties share executive authority. These can include mandatory coalitions and allocation of senior official positions between parties 
Zhong dutifulness; dutifulness is the virtue of fulfilling one’s role-specific obligations, and is often linked to political duties (especially of a subordinate toward his superior) and to ritual obligations. Indeed zhong involves opposing a ruler who is acting improperly.
bounded rationality claims the rationality of an individual is determined by their cognitive limitations, amount of time they have, and the info available to them at the time
men of action i. Task orientedii. Like to plot strategy-rational thinkersiii. Adapt to surroundings-essential b/c some can only adapt at certain stagesiv. Clear on resources- realist-manage money wellv. Realistic enough to know when failure is imminent and reverse strategy
Kyoto Protocol main international treaty on global warming, which entered into effect in 2005 and mandates cuts in carbon emissions in 2008-2012. Almost all the world's major countries, except US, are participants.
Checks and Balances Constituional provision giving each branck of state government certain checks over other branches
White Primary a discriminatory practice designed to keep blacks from voting in primary elections. Democrats in teh south declared their party a private club adn prohibited blacks from membership
"institutional memory" the knowledge of veteran legislators about how issues were handled in te past
Homeostasis Self regulation in the interests of stability. The ideal international system can regulate itself to improve stability.
amendment ix enumeration does not disparage other rights - rights not listed are not thereby denied. Madison needed to write this amendment to square his concerns of unlisted rights
structure/organization exist with lines of authority staff, leaders, and people who contribute
Super Delegates • Definition: Ex oficio delegates to convention who have their delegation by virtue of their office--party luminaries, former presidential candidates• Importance: They do not have to go to primaries to go to convention. Makes it easier to lure Southern democrats to convention because they have an independent, unpledged voice
transnational refers to an individual or group that moves across traditional state boundries
Rights (maintained by) (Auth.) force, torture, imprisonment, death, beheading, stoning
Security community a situation in which low expectations of interstate violence permits high degree of political cooperation. (ie. NATO members)
Equal Rights Amendment A Constituional amendment proposed by Congress but never ratified by the ncessary three fourths of the states. It woudl ahve guaranteed "equality of rights under law" for women and men
sunset laws laws that fix termination dates for programs and agencies in order to force the legislature to renew them if hte legislators wish the program to continue
Jose Figueres Leader of victorious party in 1948 civil war in Costa Rica
Juan Vicente Gomez Dictator of Venezuela, 1908-35, whose violent and kleptocratic regime helped motivate a turn to reformism after his death
amendment iv rights of suspects -  no unreasonable search or seizure
Vali Nasr - takes the maybe standpoint on whether democracy can take root in Islamic countries -wrote the Rise of Muslim Democracy -there are no features of Islam that make it any better or worse for democracy -in Turkey, you can see political parties inspired by Islam. They are similar to the W. European Christian political parties -Political parties inspired by Islam are problematic. If they win elections and get the president to office, they can institute a theocracy -democracy-not theocracy- can take root in Islamic countries as long as proper economic, military, and political institutions are in place -econ: if there is a strong private sector, business owners will oppose theocracy. They will oppose it because they want to trade with the rest of the world and if they live in a theocracy, the world wouldnt be as keen to trade with them -political: need multiple parties because they can act as counter balance. Political parties and CSOs together would oppose theocracies. -military: civilian control over military is crucial. If a Muslim political party wants theocracy, they would need the military on their side. If the military is under civilian control, then the political parties cant impose theocracy. Military control over government means that the military is subordinate to civilian authority. officers and generals should see themselves as subordinate to civilians. it also means that the military doesnt have an independent budge, the civilians control how much money military gets.  -with strong private sector, a bunch of political parties, and civilian control over the military, democracy will be able to take root in Islamic countries. 
relative power the perceived amount of power that one state has in relation to another
wolf-why peasants arent usually revos 1. Not able to easy associate2. Manual/back breaking labor3. In comp with one another4. Consequences of not working-starvation/death5. Don’t fit traditional class structure6. Lack prior political and decision making experience
Tariff a duty tax levied on certain types of imports (usually as a percentage of their value) as they enter a country.
mulitmember legislative districts districts from which two or more members are elected to a legislative body, must meet equal population size criteria
Andean Pact Free trade bloc of the Andean nations, created in 1969
Chaddha v. INS case rejects all legislative vetoes as unconstitutional, thereby perfecting the powers of separataion of powers. article ii
Three criteria for Majority-Minority districts: • Is minority group large/compact enough to form a majority (60% voting eligible or 65% overrall)• Is minority group politically cohesive?• Is there evidence of racially polarized voting AGAINST the minority?
Wealth inequality began to grow in the 1980's after a long period of stability
Most-favored Nation status a principle by which one state, by granting another state MFN status, promises to give it the same treatment given to the first state's most-favored trading partner
Interest Group Influence The extent to which interest groups as a whole influence public policy as compared with other components of the political system
What is strict scrutiny? • Court presumes a law to be unconstitutional unless gov’t is able to demonstrate that its legislation is the least restrictive means available to achieve a compelling state interest
how characteristics of revo impact revo potential i. Family tragedy- They have had family tragedy due to the government so they will have the reason to oppose govtii. Well educated-so opinion will be listened to, usually well connected any way so easy to get opinions outiii. Close poli system-With a closed poli system don’t have to worry about outside influences, can work and rule as you please without revolt(usually until the citizens (lower) get wise or the upper get fed up with the government inconsistenciesiv. Exiled-While exiled can plot without fear of the country coming for them, then able to come back and stay underground till they can act of their plot
3 Assumptions of Transition Paradigm -Thomas Carothers- the end of the transition paradigm 2002-hybrid regime shows failure of the transition paradigm (3/15 countries democratic by 2000)(1) any country moving away from dictatorship is transitioning to democracy [ukraine is example that disproves this](2) democracy is in different stages, unidirectional, and all countries go through same order: authoritarian opening, democratic break through, and democratic consolidation. [[similar to Rustow first generation Modernization theory in which there is only one linear path that always leads to democracy. same path, same goal, and same stages]](3) elections equal democracy. elections are seen as evidence of democracy. they are also seen as necessary for democratic achievement. [according to this definition of democracy, Mynamar would be a democracy](4) socioeconomic, history, and ethnic divisions of country dont matter, there are no preconditions for democratic establishment(5) countries in transition have strong states
Two Reasons why Islamist Movements are Rising in Popularity   why are movements arising now?: movements are ancient, not a new phenomenon. the way islamism is today is a recent phenomenon because islamism in modern world today is not what it used to be. Islamist movements were sparked after WWI and grew in the 50s but took off in the 80s. Islamist movements were sparked by Iranian revolution of 1979. Iranian revolution: secular, western supporting shah is overthrown and is replaced by Ayotallah who institutes a theocracy. this is the first time the world has seen an Islamic state. Shortly after, Afghanistan, Sudan, Palestine and Nigeria followed -(1)Islamism as a response to relative decline of Arab Muslim world dominance. there was a point in history where Muslims controlled government and Arabs were center of civilization. 19th century leaders and politicians saw Europe as center of civilization. Then Europe emerged as center and Muslims realized this could be permanent. early reformers saw this as rival but also as model to create synthesis. Some Muslims say that this Arab Muslim empire declined not because of straying from fundamental principles of Islam but because strayed too far from Shariah law. to stop decline, start following Shariah  -(2) Islamist reaction to colonialism: movements emerging now enough is enough, no more European colonization. West wants control of Middle East. They feel this way because of Iraq and Iran and feel that the West is trying to subjugate the people of the ME -(3) Islamist reaction to contact with west: Muslims are straying for sharia law because of western influence so to get back on track, eliminate and cut off all contact with the West and then we can rise to dominance  -(4) Response to political alienation: rise of islamist movement is a response to political alienation. Islamists are well off financially and educated (EX: Osama bin Laden born into family worth more than $5 billion) movements have taken off in countries with oil wealth (aka resource course). The resource curse is responsible for why these countries havent democratized and why fundamentalist movements are happening. Elites rely on the resource wealth and dont have incentive to modernize and create democracies that would lead to the creation of a middle class. The elites opress and control the people without being responsive to their needs. this makes the majority feel alienated which is where fundamentalists come in. Fundamentalists offer them more control over their lives.
What is dealignment and how does it differ from realignment? De: Voters sever ties with all political parties and tend to identify themselves as independents.  Realignment refers to people/a population switching majority party allegiance
amend XIV Female Suffrage
Non-retrogression • Definition: Once a majority-minority district has been established, you can’t dismantle it. It was part of the Voting Rights Act 1982 Extension.• Importance: The 1982 Extension, as a whole, was put in place to create as many majority-minority districts as possible. The non-retrogression clause was the bill’s way of ensuring that majority-minority districts were here to stay. The Voting Rights Act’s favorable treatment of quotas from Republicans was a strange dynamic because typically Republicans are anti-quota. This shows that Republicans think they benefit from district packing.
Liberalism shared interest with economic exchanges. Create a maximum of total wealth by achieving optimal efficiency. Goal is to create favorable balance of trade.
Ricardo Lagos President of Chile, 2000-06,
Arab an ethnicity defined by language second class world of women low level of women in workplace
Fluctuation minimal level fluctuates w/ inflation and general standard of living
paradigm patterns used to interpret a particular subject. assumptions we make about the world we are studying.
Commonwealth Although four states call themselves commonwealths the term refers to any self governing community and currently describes the government of Puerto Rico, a territory of the United States
sessions the meetings of elected legilsative bodies from their initial convening to their official adjournment
Jacobo Arbenz Guatemalan military leader and reformist president who instituted land reform in 1952 but was ousted by US-backed coup in 1954
Alberto Fujimori Semi-authoritarian president of Peru from 1990-2000, who earned loyal following as force for law and order, representing "direct democracy" but truly ruling as a hyperpresident after his 1994 "self-coup" against the legislature, forcing a new constitution strengthening his powers until corruption scandal brought him down in 2000
Super Tuesday • Definition: Regional super primary that gets as many Southern sttes as possible to schedule their primaries immediately after Iowa and New Hampshire• Importance: Gives southern democratic presidential hopefuls a reason,opportunity to get involved
Interest groups -organize, channel, and defend interets of specific constituency -dont run candidates for office but support them -influence political arena through supporting/opposing candidates -example: AARP, NRA AARP: health care reform, look at interests of elders to advocate 50 as cut off age. want to reach out to constituency of 50 year olds and defend constituency of old people -Sartori prefers political parties over interest groups because he feels political parties have national will in mind whereas interest parties only cater to their members -
Autocratic King, Queen have control over all (always one person, family, clique)
state an independent legal entity with a government exercising exclusive control over the territory and population it governs.
Keynesian economics the principles accumulated by British economist John Maynard Keynes, used successfully in the Great Depression of the 1930s, including the view that governments should sometimes use deficit spending to stimulate economic growth
Grant-in-aid Payments of funds from the national government to state or local governments or from a state governemtn to local governemtns for specific purposes, usually on a matching basis
logjams in legislative affairs the rush to pass a large number of bills athte end of hte session
soft money campaign contributions given to party organizations for activities such as party building and voter registration but not to be used directly for activities such as party building and voter registration but not to be used directly for their candidates campaigns. Soft money contributions to national parties were banned in 2002 but can still be made to state and local party organizations
Oscar Arias Center-left president of Costa Rica, elected in 1986, who helped broker the Central American Peace Accords in 1987
Juscelino Kubitshek president of Brazil from 1954-60, leading state capitalist development under his "Program of Goals," including building a new capital, Brasilia
Buckley v. Valeo reaffirmed first amend during political campaigns. Court ruled that Congress couldn't place limits on how much an individual spent on his own campaign
Sanction a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule
Programmatic challenge for LPBs -programmatic challenge: programmatic parties cant make the promises as before because they no longer have the means to follow up on them so they can no longer promise ideological change -under ISI, circumstances were favorable for working class. Goods were cheaper and more affordable. Workers are consumers and it creates a beneficial spiral because businessman have to give higher wages and lower prices so that workers/consumers can afford to buy goods. -the switch from ISI to EOI had drastic effects... created the programmatic challenge for labor parties  -with EOI, cut back on subsidies, less money for spending, less employment in formal sector (everyone in informal), state has less ability to deliver, consumers are now abroad so businessmen have no reason to continue paying high wages... over all, LBPs cannot make the same promises to gain votes because (1) dont have enough money (2) no incentive to do so because they know they cant follow through -ISI-->EOI = lot of state involvement--> neoliberal (less state involvement) BEFORE, political parties would make ideological changes but now parties are making claims for better worker protection  NOW, state has less to spend. parties cant comply with promises because it is in violation with debt appeal package so lack of money is major     labor based parties cannot make same ideological promises Ex: cant promise better wages ISI: businesses had workers who were consumers (revenue) and workers (cost) both if workers demand higher $, at one hand businessmen are sad because losing money, but on other hand, if comply with worker's wishes, workers have more money to buy their goods switch from ISI--> EOI made workers into a cost for businessmen because they were creating revenue abroad from international consumers
Relative poverty any family income below one-half of the nation's median family income.
mexico revo- religion catholic seen as old regimei. Liberal party anti-clerical-take away land and wealthii. Allow church services etciii. With 1917 constits. The clergy starts to form sort of rebellion-they are involved in politics
Floating exchange rates the rates determined by global currency markets in which private investors and governments alike buy and sell currencies
State Economic Development Broadly defines as population growth and the income and educational levels of a state's population
legislative oversight the monitoring of the activities of state agencies by the legislature and its committees
bill referrals the assignment of bills to specific committes usually by the speaker of the house and the senate president
La Paz De facto capital of Bolivia despite legal transfer to Sucre
Article III Judiciary - Federal judges have life tenure. The Constitution establishes a Supreme Court. Lower-level courts are left for Congress to authorize.
Apartheid a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race 
Neopatrimonial regime --Linz and Stepan questioned if there was leeway between the total opposite totalitarianism and democracy.. Authoritarianism fit in neither definitions. Key features of authoritarianism: social and economic pluralism, no political pluralism, no guiding ideology, no constitutional process or procedure to select leader but leader acts in predictable way, no social mobilization. There are many exceptions to this definition of authoritarianism and these are seen through the different subtypes of authoritarian regimes.    -rational legal structures exist -yes elections -leaders need to appeal to people through patronage. gives power to the leader example of patronage: ghana: leader paying school fees for kids, or funeral bill, wedding bill, water bill, electricity bill, etc. Basically patronage is giving personal assistance in navigating bureaucracy (how to get through legal system).  -since support comes from certain groups, new leaders may not appeal to same groups  
Over explotation of workers means workers cannot afford products, which leads to a fatal reduction in demand for products.
Of conservatives and liberals, who cites each other more? Conservatives cite liberals more
central banks seek to maintain the value of the state's currency by limiting the amount of money printed. Can effect the economy by releasing or hoarding money.
Party caucus a meeting of voters at some officially designated location for the purpose of nominating party candidates
Article II Executive - There is a President, who has the power to command the armed forces, appoint federal officers, and veto legislation. The President is chosen by an electoral college whose members are elected by the states, each state casting as many electoral votes as it has Representatives and Senatores. State law says how electors are chosen -- nowadays by popular vote.
morality doing the thing you think is right. people obey laws, even the ones they disagree with. you pay taxes because you were represented. we made the laws, participation is key.
The Three Waves of Democracy -first wave: 1828-1942;; lot of countries democratizing up until great depression after which there was a reverse wave (1922-1942) and then after WWII begin democratizing again1943-1975: parliamentary (Franco dies in 75) 1975-1990s: presidential (portugal is first country to go from authoritarian to presidential) Portugal, Spain, Catholic Authoritarian countries, Latin AmericaWestern Europe transition from monarchies and oligarchies to democracies. From war between nation states to war between the people-second wave: after WWII, transition to parliamentary-third wave: 1970 to 1998, transition to presidentialism.Example: Portugal transitioned in 1974Ex: latin America is third wave, example -related to modernization theory. First generation modernization theorists like Rustow believed that only path exists to democracy. Second generation theorists like Gerschenkron believed that many paths exist and that its harder for new nations to develop because they need capital. We all get to final end point, which isnt necessarily democracy, differently.First generation or first wave: Britain- used own resourcesSecond generation: Germany, Russia, France, US- duplicated Euro system but cannot do everything the same way. French and German entrepreneurs couldnt generate sufficient capital which is why they developed later. According to this theory, it is logical that Latin American countries were the third wave because they recieved their independence later and needed more time to generate income to support a transition to democracy
liberation theology aims to oppress sin and help the poor with religion
Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency Federal agency responsible for the enforecemnt of immigration and customs laws
McCulloch v. Maryland Case affirms the broad reach of the federal government's implied powers. Article VI of the Constitution that states that federal law is supreme over state laws (supremacy clause)
Factors that affect democracy: Religion -Religion is source of society's values and traditions -Religion affects how people think about class hierarchy, politics, relationships but it doesnt mean that everybody shares dominant religious traiditions -political scientists considered the impact of catholicism and protestantism on democracy -Lipsit wrote that something about catholicism is bad for democracy. Could it be the hierarchical structure? In the third wave of democracy (Portugal) there were internal reforms of Catholic Church? -Fukuyama: looked at affects of Confucianism on democracy. Confucianism preaches hierarchy, obedience, and respect. -Islam is a modern day problem. Some actors believe that Islam does allow for democracy to take root in a country. Stepan, Ibrahim, and Feldham are such actors. Stepan looked at developing nations and saw that they are either equal to or even outpace non Muslim countries in free elections and civil liberties. Ibrahim also said democracy could take root in Muslim countries becaues everybody wants freedom and Islam correlates with democracy. Although he said it would take a lot of work, it is not impossible. Feldman says democracy can take root in Muslim countries because Muslims had laws and caliphs who were held accountable to teh rule of law. Therefore, they have an appreciation for it because it existed/does exist in Muslim culture. Others, such as Nasr and Diamond believe that democracy could take root in Muslim countries given certain conditions. Nasr wrote that there are no features of Islam that make it any better or worse for democracy. The only problem with democracy and Islam is when political parties become inspired by Islam because then there is a chance that the political party could impose theocracy. However, as long as there is a strong private economic sector, and multiple political parties and CSOs, and civilian control over military, Islam does not affect democracy. Diamond argues that there is no problem with Islam and democracy but rather there is an Arab problem. In Muslim countries, until the economy is able to develop independent of the oil curse, democracy will not be to take root. Finally, Fish states religion does impact democracy. He says it is not possible for democracy to take root in Islamic countries because of the status of women. The low status of women is bad for democracy because it marginalizes them and excludes them politics which thereby lead to more extreme laws that are undemocratic. -Zakaria writes the combination of religion and politics is extremely combustible because religion stresses moral absolutes whereas politics are all about compromise
Case and Controversy Requirement US courts can issue decisions only on actual controversies - an actual case with two parties
SSA standard is not perfect because... Does not take account of regional variations in cost of living, SSA standard is adjusted annually according to customer price index. Multiplier of 3 is low. Poor people spend money differently today.
major theme of electoral systems and political parties electoral systems are the primary - not sole - determinant of the # and characteristics of parties in a policy.