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Psychology of Women
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postsynaptic
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dendrite of receiving neuron
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adaptation
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inherited characteristic that increased in a population though natural selection because it helps solve a problem of survial or reproduction during the time it emerged
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rationalization
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Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions
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Differentiate benevolent and hostile sexism.
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priming
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the actication, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
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learning
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a relativelypermanant change in behavior that occurs through experience
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Conwy Lloyd morgan (1852-1936)
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Morgan's cannon
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framing
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The way an issue is posed
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Behavioral Perspective
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how external environmental events condition observable behavior
classical (Pavlovian) conditioning = sound + dog + treat = salavate @ sound of whistle
operant =our behavior & its environmental consequences (reward vs. punishment)
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Tenacity/tradition
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True because it's always been true
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self-actualization
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according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
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Evaluating Therapy
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-cognitive therapy best for depression
-behavioral best for some kinds of anxiety disorders
-therapy produced improvement (up to 26 sessions then levels off)
success = (qualities of client + qualitites of therapist) + effective method for given problem
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rods
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receptor cells associated with black and white vision, located at the top and bottom of the retina
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two types of pain
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phasic / tonic
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nonfluent aphasias
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difficulty in articulating, but relatively good comprehension (ex: Broca\'s aphasias)
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Companionate Love
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Strong and lasting attraction characterized by trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship
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completely involved focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of oneself and time
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flow
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cerebellum
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two small hemispheres that form part of he hindbrain and control muscle coordinations, basic functions, balance
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Cerebral Cortex
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The intricate fabirc of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information - processing center.
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habituation
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decline in the magnitude of a reflexive response when the stimulus is repeated several times in succession
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early onset Alzheimer's is less than how old?
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65
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Illusion of Control
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the perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are. (Pg. 94)o Research: Langer demonstrated this with gambling.• Compared with those given an assigned lottery number, people who chose their own number demander 4 times as much money when asked if they would sell their ticket.• When playing a game of chance against an awkward and nervous person, they bet significantly more than playing against a confident person.• Dice players throw softly for low numbers and hard for high numbers• Gamblers attribute wins to their skill and lossed to flukes when it is actually just a game of chance.• Regression toward the average is another way by which an illusion of control may arise (the statistical tendency for extreme scores or behavior to return toward one's average). (Pg. 95)o Because exam scores fluctuate partly by chance, most students who get extremely high scores on an exam will get lower scores on the next one. Their second score is more likely to regress toward their own average than to go even higher. (Pg. 95)
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Greek view of human nature
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psyche: psychophysical unity
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retrieval paths
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teh mental connections linking one idea to the next that one uses in locating a bit of information in memory
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Latent Inhibition
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can’t acquire the association (light bulb on and off with mouse example)
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Solutions to Prejudice
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o Sanction by authority- extremely important that people in authority do not sanction prejudice or stereotypes. We look to leaders to see whether or not they are tolerated. o Equal status contact- best way to reduce prejudice is to have people from different backgrounds interacting on equal footing so everybody is contributing o Pursuit of common goals- prejudice can be lower when you’re all pulling together to accomplish something. Anything in which the works together for the same goal is a unifying force.
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NOTE:Anxiety is a normal reaction to stress. IT helps you deal with a tense situation, but when anxiety becomes an excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations, it has become a disabling disorder
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Nocebo Effect
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Harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm
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In Freudian theory, the reservoir of sexual and aggressive energy, which is driven by impulses and is characterized by primary process thinking
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superego
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Secure Attachment
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baby uses mother as a base
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Created when adding two acetyl groups to morphine
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heroin
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social psychology
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the psychological study of social behavior, esp. of the reciprocal influence of the individual and the group with which the individual interacts.
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occipital lobes
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the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field
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social exchange theory
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maximize rewards, minimize costs. you help for rewards
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Occipital lobe
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The posterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere, situated behind the parietal lobe and above the temporal lobes; responsible for reception and analysis of visual information and for some visual memory.
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Individualistic societies
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People think of themselves as separate entities and are largely concerned with their own personal needs
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3 features ADHD
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1. A persistent pattern of impulsive and overactive behavior
2. Distractibility or concentration difficulties
3. Aggression
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Binural cue
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cue to sound location that invovles both ears working together
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Pleasure Principle
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the operating principle by which the wants and desires of the id push people to do whatever feels good.
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What did Watson study?
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Behaviorism with animals and children
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spontaneous recovery
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reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
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At what level of morality do most people reason?
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conventional
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What is the master and most powerful emotion?
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Shame
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Receptive Field
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The region of the sensory surface that, when stimulated, causes a chance in the firing rate of that neuron.
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What brain structure provides a major link between the nervous system and the hormone system?
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The Hypothalamus.
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james lange theory
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the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
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self-conscious emotions
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Types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they occur as a function of meeting expectaions (or not) and abiding (or not) by society's rules
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Dorsolateral Prefontal Association Cortex
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-role in evaluation of external stimuli
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Endocrine system
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made up of glands that secret hormones to the blood gradually
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correlation
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a measure of the extent to which 2 facotrs vary together, and thus of which how well they predict each other
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Informational social influence
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using other person as guideline for what we should do
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Self-concept and red dot test
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Mental representation of themselves. Between 1-2 years will recognize read dot on their face. (sensorimotor)
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Approach-Avoidance conflict
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Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal or activity
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Genetic Predispositions
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people with low DA (smaller number of receptors) activity in the nucleus accumbens may be more susceptible to drug addiction
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brief psychotic d/o
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symptoms are present for at least 1 day but
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Response Bias/ Demand characteristics in surveys
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• The way you frame/phrase questions will give you certain responses. Order, response, and wording effects response, manipulating it.o Response options - Joop van der plight asked voters what percentage of Britain's nuclear energy they wished came from nuclear power, the average was 41%. They asked other voters what percentage they wished came from (1) nuclear, (2) coal, and (3) other sources. The average preference for nuclear power was 21% among these respondents. (Pg. 22)o Order of Questions - Americans' support for civil unions of gays and lesbians rises if they are first asked their opinion of gay marriage, compared with which civil unions seem a more moderate alternative. (Pg. 22)o Wording of Questions - One poll found that 23% of Americans thought their government was spending too much money "on assistance to the poor." Yet 53% thought the government was spending too much "on welfare." Also, more people favor cutting "foreign aid" and increasing
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The scale model task (DeLoache):
Find Snoopy
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Procedure:
-2 ½ & 3-yr-olds; Big room & Scale model
-show & hide Snoopy in the big room
-find Snoopy in the scale model room
Results:
-3 yr-olds succeed
-2 ½ yr-olds fail
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Independent self-construals
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a view of the self as separate from others, emphasizing self-reliance and the pursuit of personal success
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Research in which there is no risk is exempt from review. Research that involves only anonymous questionnaires, surveys, and educational tests is exempt, as is naturalistic observation in public places.
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Minimal risk
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According to the confirmation bias:
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People defend their beliefs and seek to confirm them.
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What is libido and fixation
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libido is the psychic energy that drives individuals toward sensual pleasures of all types. Fixation is a state in which a person remains attached to objects or activities more appropriate for an earlier stage of psychosexual development
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encoding
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the processing of information into the memory system for ex: by extracting meaning
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What is the principle of least squares? How does it relate to the regression line?
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• Regression refers specifically to prediction, and ximple bivariate regression uses one predictor variable (x) and one dependent (Y/criterion) variable
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Geen's research (how does it support Eysenck's theory of optimal arousal)?
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Extraverts and introverts differ in their physiological responses to the same noise level (introverts show a greater level of response) and each functions best at his or her preferred noise level
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Da actins as reinforcement learning signal
"reward prediction error"
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It has been shown in studies that midbrain DA cells repond to unexpected reward-related stimuli. omitting a reward causes a pause in cell firing, while giving unexpected causes a burst. Therefore, DA responds when you are wrong about your expectation of a reward, which is good for behavioral learning because it teaches you to do the behavior again for the reward.
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What is the general linear model?
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It refers to the way ANOVA can be turned into regression.
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what are the central concerns in the personality theory developed by Carl Rogers
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the nature of self and the tension between being yourself versus wanted to be liked by others.
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