Complete List of Terms and Definitions for quiz for anthropology

Terms Definitions
Core 1
Heisenberg effect ...
Egalitarian Everyone equal.
Corporate descent groups ...
sororate sisterhood involved marriage
Office permanent political position
Agriculture -more labor than horticulture
-domesticated animals
-irrigation
-terracing
posterior back of the body
animism belief in spirit beings
Khartoum Capital of North Sudan
contestably to call in question:
matrifocal mother-centered household with no resident husband and father
The egg contains ______ chromosomes. 23
verbal art: narratives, dramas, poetry, insults.
Lineal Relative Direct ancestor or descendent.
Sororal polygyny men marry 2+ sisters
Spirituality and Religion fulfills psychological and social needs. ...
Ethnocentrism Tendancy to judge other's beliefs/behaviors from your own perspective (ethnocentric fallacy)
melanin substance manufactured in specialized cells in the lower layers of the epidermis
founder effect genetic differences between populations produced bu the fact that genetically different individuals established the populations
Wekker The Politics of Passion- lesbian communities in Suriname
colonialism the active possession of foreign territory by European governments
swidden agriculture horticulture societies use this; shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned; the process of growing crops that begins with land being cleared and burned before being planted
Cultural transmission Transmission through learning, basic to language.
Hominoidae Apes and Humans and Human Ancestors
Features:
Large brains - cerebral cortex
Long arms - (Clyde the orangutan)
Short trunks
Great mobility in elbow, shoulder and wrist.
No tail!
Y-5 molar pattern
John Locke British empiricist philosopher who argued that the mind is a blank slate at birth (Tabula Rusa)
Robust Australopithecines later group of australopithecines, heaver dentition and larger faces than graciles (A.robustus, A. boisei, A. aethiopicus)
teeth back teeth and thick tooth enamel
Paleoanthropology the scientific study of human fossils
Household The basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, & shelter are organized & carried out
Enculturation Process where culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and and individuals become members of their societies.
domesticate make something suitable for the home
redistribution goods are collected from or distributed by members of a group and then give out to the group in a new pattern. may either increase or decrease inequality within a society
lineage unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent
reforestation the restocking of forests and woodlands that were deforested
Totemism a religious conception that human individuals or groups have a symbolic or spiritual connection with particular natural species, objects, or phenomena
Trobriand Islanders Consist of four main islands.subsistence horticulturalists who live in traditional settlements. Language is Kilivila, Yams are the food of choice and currency.
Minorities will outnumber whites in public schools by 2015
Participant Observation Firsthand observation of another culture.
V. Gordon Childe Coined term "Neolithic Revolution"
climate change beyond rising temperatures, there have been changes in sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem effects.
genetic drift affects change through random events
-random force of evolution
-decreases variation
___- a unilineal kinship groups whose members BELIEVE they are descended from a common ancestor, regardless of their ability to trace their gene relationships clans
gene flow rapid; when two populations come together for first time
Try to think of another pattern defined by relating other characteristics on the list. ...
cultural anthropology using ethnography and ethnology to study human societies and cultures
dialect varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions or social classes,
ex. accents
food production cultivate and then domesticate plants and animals
obesity: surplus of food causes population to grow in weight beyond healthy
Differential access Unequal access to resources; basic attribute of chiefdoms and states. Superordinates have favored access to such resources, while the access of subordinates is limited by superordinates.
frameshift mutation produces a protein having no function
anthropology the holistic study of human kind everywhere and every time
Art The creative use of the human imagination to aesthetically interpret, express, and engage life, modifying experienced reality in the process.
industrial society capitalist mode of production; money buys labor power; creation of social gap; impersonal relationships
Dental Apes early apes exhibiting y-5 molar patterns but monkey like post cranial skeletons, molecular evidence monkey and ape lineage split 25 Mya, small bodies, found in early Miocene, Africa
patrilineal descent descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership
Robert Broom Discovers Mrs. Ples and Paranthropus robustus
Bronislaw Malinowski A Polish anthropologist who pioneered the ethnographic fieldwork. He also emphasized on the present, how social institutions function, basic human needs, and the science involved in solving the problems of everyday life.
Dominant Traits heterozygous
only one parent has to have them for them to be expressed in the child
millet A cereal crop domesticated in norther China in the region around the Yellow River Valley
Economical determinism All groups do things for "economies"
true Waste disposal was a central problem of early state societies.
diploid number Full complement of paired chromosomes in a somatic cell. In human, the diploid number is 46
Drawing boundaries How do states construct national identities?
Hypothesis A suggested but as yet unverified explanation.
Cousin marriage is ______ in some societies and ______ in others. prohibitedpreferred
The parietal, temporal, and occipital bones compose the..... cranial skeleton
Pastoralism- The subsistence mode where a group is primarily engaged in keeping herd animals (cattle, camels, sheep, goats, and so on) They either do some farming on the side or live in close contact w/ farmers.
pantheon the several gods and goddesses of a people
Ashley Montague A British student of Boas (from England). A GUY? ...yes a man named Ashley. Also fought ethnocentrism/racism. Published, "Man's Morst Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race" in 1942.
Matrilocal Family goes and lives with the bride's family
medical anthropology which is a specialization that brings theoretical and applied methods from cultural and biological anthropology to the study of human health and disease
Chinese Exclusion Act Passed in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 10 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease. gain support in the Mining and RR industry
*Local beliefs and perceptions vs. those of the ethnographer Emic vs. Etic
australopithecus anamensis oldest (4.2-3.9 mya), found in kenya by maeve leakey, ape like dental arcade
syntax a system of rules for combining words into meaningful sentences
only parents drink if children die, what practice happens?
Forensic Anthropology A field of anthropology that uses anthropology to study bodies and evidence at crime scenes
Sedentism a term applied to the transition from nomadic to permanent, year-round settlement.
North America and Europe connected how long ago? 65 MYA
Coalition the union of diverse things into one body or form or group
ambilocal the couple may reside with either the husband's or the wife's group
Human ecological consequences varied group size depending upon quality of enviornment.
lower sexual dimorphism than chimps but more than mongamous gibbons.
Cultural Materialism use of scientific method when trying to understand change and diversity in human societies, not a humanistic idealization approach, but a adaptive view
Descent to assign social identity on the basis of ancestry
informal economy a network of producing and circulating marketable commodities, labor, and services that for various resons escape government control
cultural construct Gender characters are the result of historical, economic, and political forces acting within each culture
balanced reciprocity direct exchange, value of gift is calculated, time of repayment is specified. Ex. one trader gives partner a white armand and expects a red necklace of equal value in return
What is a fossil? A hardened remain or impression.
Progeny Price Makes children born to the woman full members of the man's descent group.
Extended Family - an expansion of the nuclear family
- usually built around unilineal descent group
- uncles, aunts, or cousins usually belong to the same clan as members of the core lineage
- cooperation --> self-suffiency
functions of religion explains the unknown, fear of death, provides acosomology, provides morals laws
Linguistic anthropology The study of the diversity of human language in the past and present, and its relationship to social groups, practices, and values.
Applied (practicing) anthropology The application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and selection of practical problems
Key archaeological sites in Olduvai Gorge FLK, FLKN6, and DK
Avunculocal Bride and groom live with or near the grooms mothers brother (4%).
Cultural Logic combined work of nature and of man through ways of rational thinking.
Culture and Personality Theorists A theoretical position in anthropology that held that cultures could best be understood by examining the patterns of child rearing and considering their effect on adult lives and social institutions.
Lake Mungo One in a series of dried-out lakes located in souther Australia where evidence of human occupation dates between 50-46k years ago
allele a subunit of a gene--one from mom and the other from dad. Each ____ is either dominant or recessive.
Bones: What is NAGPRA? - Native American Grave Protection Repatriation Act
Traducianism the body as well as the soul/spirit is the result of normal human procreation. (The immaterial part of man is transmitted with body through procreation.)
The Edge and the Center -ex of sushi market
-talks about gated communities and compares 2 gated communities (one in NY and one in san antonio, TX)
The obligation of the gift-Mauss 1. Gift 2. Receive 3. Reciprocate
Hispanic population 1980s doubled since this decade ; 60% are pure Mexican descendancts; 10% are Puerto Ricans
Regulatory gene A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.
varied and flexible behavioral patterns What factors most interest scientists about non-human primate adolescent behavior?
fanit female for women who want to be pregnant the fertility symbol. these are carried ont he person of a young girl and signify that she is desirous of marriage. If she is married adn yet barren it signifies that she still desired children
Other ways to understand Interpretivist Approach are all helps us understand the others perspective
-who you are as a person affects ur perception (subjective)
-The way you ask questions might affect the answers you get. Ex: "Can you draw me a map" unable to draw vs "the songs we sings are our maps."
ALL of the humanities are addressing one thing - how it helps you understand things through other people's eyes; even though there are so many subjects, that's why they all have the same meaning and purpose
First agents of enculturation in all societies are the members of the infant's household , especially the child's mother.
Cultural factors are at work even beofre birth through what a pregnant mother eats, drinks , and inhales as well as the sounds, rhythms and activity patterns of her daily life
four traditional subfields and what they study cultural anthropology can be applied to development anthro. archeological can be applied to cultural resource management, lingusitic ant can be applied to study of linguistics diversity in classrooms bilogical or physical anthro can be applied to forensic anthro
Why was the first writing important? Writing was developed to handle record keeping for a centralized economy
Ritual and Religion
(What can we learn from archaeology?) 		- ARchitecture - pyramids as graves
- Grave goods
- Art
- Ceremonial Items
What is the mechanism behind the relationship between dominance heirarchy and reproductive success? access to better quality and quantity of food
confrontations produce stress in the lower ranked individuals
-remember stress leads to high cortisol levels, which leads to negative health effects.
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of hip hop clubs in Japan mentioned by Ian Condry? 1. Encountering live performances by Japanese artists 2. Discussing the appropriation of African American culture and organizing political action 3. Listening to the latest releases from American hip hop groups 4. Networking among professionals in the hip hop industry as well as among other like minded individuals Correct Answer: 2