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Definitions |
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biotic
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competition
conspecifics
food
MODIFIERS OF THE ABIOTIC such as water evaporation into atmosphere creating humidity
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US population
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308 millions
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Habitat
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where organism lives
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Chaparral
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hot, dry, thorny shrubs
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ecological capacity
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actual resource base
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age-structure pyramid
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graphical representations of populations' ages
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emigration
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departure of individuals. decrease population
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Community
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includes all the populations, representing multiple species, that interact in a given area
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Iteroparity
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the pattern of repeated reproduction at intervals throughout the life cycle
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Dispersion
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Pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population.
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immigration
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migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)
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migration
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recurring round trip btw regions, usually in response to expected shifts or gradients in environmental resources
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ecology
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the study of interactions among organisms and everything in between
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Aquatic biomes
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o Freshwater: Lakes, ponds, wetlands, rivers, streams, creeks
o Estuaries
o Marine
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uniform dispersion
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evenly spaced pattern of dispersion usually resulting from territorality
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exponential population growth
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population increase under idealized conditions, under these conditions, the rate of reproduction is at its maximum, cannot be sustained for long in any population
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Ecological succession
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gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance.
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Batesian Mimicry
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harmless species looks like a poisonous, harmful, or distasteful species
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k-strategy
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a reproductive strategy for living in an environment where little environmental fluctuation occurs and the carrying capacity changes little from year to year; generally involves larger organisms with a longer life span that produce few offspring that have a better chance of living to reproductive age because of the energy, resources, and time invested in the care for the young. populations usually controlled by density-dependent factors.
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population
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individuals of a given species that occur together at one place and time
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age structure
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the proportions of individuals at various ages
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logistic equation
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An equation describing the idealized growth of a population subject to a density-dependent limiting factor. As density increases, the rate of growth gradually declines, until population growth stops.
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carrying capacity
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the maximum population size that a particular environment can support; not fixed, but varies over space ant time with the abundance of limiting resources; symbolized as K
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inbreeding
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when individuals in a small pop mate with one antother; can increase frequency of defective genes
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density dependent controls
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factors that slow population growth, and either appears or worsens with crowding e.g. disease, competition for food
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Countries with highest populations
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China, India, United States, Indonesia
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T or F: sea turtles are neutral creature so they are not any type curve
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True
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Mutualism
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A form of symbiosis in which two species interact, and both benefit
EX. Pollinators, mycorrhizal fungi, lichens ( Yucca and yucca moth)
Some mutualists cannot complete their life cycle without the interaction
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Environmental Resistance
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All the biotic and abiotic factors that may limit population growth
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Density-independent Factor
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any factor in the environment that does not depend on the number of members in a population per unit area that are usually abiotic including natural phenomena
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population ecology
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the study of populations in relation to their environment
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life history
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The traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival.
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Ecological Capacity
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The actual resource base of a country
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Population Size
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the number of individuals in a population
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Survivorship Curve
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a plot of the number of surviving individuals at each age that is expressed on a log scale
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age structure determines what?
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whether a population is growing, stable or declining
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demographic transition model
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model that is used to predict population trends based on the birth and death rates as well as economic status of a population.
~demographic transition: when a population moves from the first state to the second state.
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Type 3
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drop at first (high death rates for young) then flattens as those who survive slowly die off
ie animals that have lots of children but do not help--> Oysters
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Death-rate
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the number of deaths per unit of time scaled by the population size
causes; accidents, disease, predation, and competition for scarce resources
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density independent
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a birth rate or death rate that does not change with population is:
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replacement birth rate
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the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves in a population.
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density dependent
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birth and/ or death rates change as a function of population density. competition, predation, disease, and parasites, toxic wastes, and intrinsic physiological factors.
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zero population growth (ZPG)
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when fertility rate is sustained for a generation (the # of births and # of deaths are EQUAL), r=0
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logistic population growth
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changes in growth rate that occur as a function of population size
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What are the types of demographics?
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table of data and a graph
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What type of organisms are classified as Type II?
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Organisms that produce large numbers of offspring and provide little or no care at all
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per capital growth rate
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r = b (per capita birth rate) - d (per capita death rate)
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Intertidal biome
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...
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N>K
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negative growth rate
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territorality affects population density positevely T or F?
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True
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census
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count everyone, time consuming, expensive
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Human population growth has accelerated in the last
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century
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Uniform
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Increase access to scarce resources
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Mimicry
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A biotic factor
Occurs when an organism looks like something in its environment. Some can gain protection from doing so.
o Batesian mimicry: A harmless species looks like a poisonous or distasteful species
o Mullerian mimicry: One harmful species looks like another harmful species
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Survivorship
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proportion of an original population that survives to a certain age
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patchy populations
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group of subpopulations interconnected through migration
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density
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number of individuals per unit area
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Population Density
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# of organisms per area
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density dependent regulation
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- feedback
competition for resources
territoriality
predation
toxic wastes
instrinsic factors
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survivorship type 2
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lizards, birds, etc. survival rate
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expotential growth
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population size multiplies by a constant factor each generation; depends on size of population; occurs in ideal regulated conditions
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population distribution
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the pattern of dispersal of individuals living within a certain area
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Describe prey defenses against predators and provide examples.
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Chemical defenses
Camouflage
Warning coloration
Mimicry
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Species
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A group of individuals that have similar characteristics and can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
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big-bang reproduction/semelparity
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a "one-shot" pattern where organisms live only for a few years to reproduce and then they die. e.g. pacific salmon and the agave plant
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Ecosystem
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a community of biotic and abiotic factors
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biological magnification
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toxins become more concentrated as they move to higher trophic levels in the food web
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Niche
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The cluster of factors that make up the unique way of life of an organism. The thing organism's need to survive, different for everything.
Ex: The niche of a Douglas squirrel is to live in a coniferous woodland feeding of the seeds in fir cones, nesting in tree holes, mating in February and looking after young from April to July.
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Mark-Recapture Technique
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A method of estimating population size in which individuals are captured, tagged, and then released back into the environment. When individuals have had sufficient time to redistribute, traps are set again and the ratio of tagged to non-tagged animals is used to estimate population size.
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logistic growth model
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population growth is slowed by limiting factors
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intrinsic rate of increase
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the maximum population growth rate
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"R" strategists
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"rate strategy" = organisms that live in environments with fluctuations in biotic and abiotic factors occur
-generally small organisms, short life spans, and produce many offspring
-usually controlld by density independent factors and do not main carrying capacity
-follow exponential growth models
EX: bacteria, insects, and weeds
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density-dependent factor
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a limiting factor that depends on population size; competition for resources, accumulation of poisonous wastes
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trophic levels
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the rate at which an organism uses energy
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Type 3 Curves
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show most deaths occurring early in life, few will make it to adulthood (ex; tuna fish).
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4 Levels of Ecological Study
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Organismal ecology and Animal Behavior, Population ecology, Community Ecology, Ecosystem Ecology
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Secondary succession
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is a community that arises and changes over time in a habitat where another community existed previously (habitat (destroyed) recovered from something)
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individuals in a population..
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-rely on same resources
-influenced by similar environmental factors
-likely to interbreed with and/or interact with one another
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reproductive tables, life tables, and survivorship curves all have what specific thing in common?
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They are all age-specific
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Repeated reproduction
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A life history in which adults produce large numbers of offspring over many years; aka iteroparity
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What are the factors in determining the Geographic Range of a species?
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HistoryBiological TorlerancesOther SpeciesA combination of the above
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Human population growth
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reached 6 billion in 1998; expect to reach 7.5 to 10.3billion by 2050
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What does an J-shape curve mean?
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population growth rate WITHOUT environmental resistance
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Boom and Bust Curve
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The growth curve that represents a population that exponentially grows and then crashes
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Rate of Natural Increase
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growth rate dependent on number of individuals that are born each year and the number that die each year
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What is the formula for r when you are only given b and d
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r=b-d (rate=birth-death)
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core/satellite or mainland/island or source/sink metapopulations
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a large population with smaller , satellite populations founded from the big one
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Type 2 Survivorship Curve (squirrels)
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the death rate is constant over the organism's life span
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Important points to remember
for logistic growth:
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Birth and death rates are not constant so
per capital growth rate (r) is not constant. R is fastest when N is small and goes to 0 as N approaches the carrying capacity. Carrying capacity limits population growth
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What does line 2 of the Survivorship curve represent?
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Many die at first but the few that remain live a long time
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