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Definitions |
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radical
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R3C.
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carbanion
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R3C:-
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Benzene Ring C6H6
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Substitution of H
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SN1 of haloalkanes with alcohol
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yields ether
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Alkynes C≡C–H
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Addition and Substitution of H
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Alcohols H–C–C–O–H
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Substitution of H,Substitution of OH,Elimination of HOH, Oxidation or elimination of 2H
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Carbocations
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Lewis acids and some are Bronsted acids as well
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Amines C–NRH
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Substitution of H;Addition to N; Oxidation of N
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Reaction Conditions
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The environmental conditions, such as temperature, pressure, catalysts & solvent, under which a reaction progresses optimally. Catalysts
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oxidation of alkenes
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Osmium tetroxide(OsO4)creates a cis cyclic osmate with NaHSO3 and water creates a cis glycol(two alcohols at double bond in cis formation) or osmium reoxidized with H2O2 instead of reduced with NaHSO3
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activation energy
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difference in energy between the reactants and the transition state or the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur
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reaction intermediate
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corresponds to an energy minimum between two transition states
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Exothermic
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A chemical reaction that occurs when heat energy is released
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Ethers (α)C–O–R
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Substitution of OR or Substitution of α–H
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Beta-Elimination(E2)of haloalkanes
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one step reaction with reaction of base to remove hydrogen, form the alkene, departure of leaving group all occurring together
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reaction mechanism
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the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical change occurs
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endothermic
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heat is absorbed when the energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants
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Reactant or Substrate
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The organic compound undergoing change in a chemical reaction.
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transition state
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the point on the reaction coordinate at which the the energy is at maximum at this point energy is released and products are made
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Product(s)
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The final form taken by the major reactant(s) of a reaction.
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the stronger the base
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the weaker its conjugate acid
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Oxidized
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If the number of hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon decreases, and/or if the number of bonds to more electronegative atoms increases, the carbon in question has been oxidized (i.e. it is in a higher oxidation state).
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reaction coordinate
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energy is measured along the vertical axis and the change in position of the atoms during a reaction is measured on the horizontal axis
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Chemical Reaction
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Occurs when one or more substances change to form new substances
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E1 reaction of haloalkane with CH3COOH
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yields alkene and HX
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Beta-Elimination(E1)reaction of haloalkanes
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elimination of atoms or groups of atoms from adjacent carbons in two steps with the formation of a carbocation intermediate
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Addition of HX to alkene
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yields haloalkane regioselectively and follows Markovnikov's rule occurs in two steps with carbocation intermediate
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Carboxylic Derivatives (α)C–CZ=O(Z = OR, Cl, NHR, etc.)
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Substitution of Z; Substitution of α–H, and Addition to C=O
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most common alkene reaction
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addition reaction of HCl, HBr, H2O,Br2, and Cl2
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reactions classes by reaction type
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Acid Base reaction and Oxidation Reduction reaction
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electrophilic addition reaction of alkene
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three types: hydrogen halide addition, addition of water, and addition of halogens
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Brønsted theory
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an acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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Matter can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only change form
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Markovnikov's rule for addition of water to alkenes
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in an acid-catalyzed hydration; H adds to the double bonded carbon with the most H's where OH bonds to the carbon with the least H's
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