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alluvium
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stream sediments
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work of streams
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Erosion and transportation
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tributary
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stream that empties into another stream; humid regions, the groundwater supply adds even more water; river moves downstream, its width, depth, and veloicity change with increased volume of water;
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rectangular
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drainage pattern forms when the bedrock is criss-crossed by a series of joints and / or faults
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streamflow velocity factor
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Gradient, channel characteristic (shape, size, roughness), discharge :volume of water flowing in the stream
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transpiration
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runoff returns to atmosphere because of evaporation from soil,lakes,streams;plants absorb water and release into atmosphere;
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stream profile
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cross-sectional view of stream from headwaters ( its source) to its mouth ( where river goes into another body of water)
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Trellis
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drainage pattern forms in area of alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock
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drainage pattern
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network of streams that form distinctive patterns. Types: dendritic, radial, rectangular, trellis
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delta
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produced by deposition exists in ocean or lakes
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gradient
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slope or steepness of a stream channel; expressed as vertical drop of stream over certain distance;
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causes of flood
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weather, human interference with the stream system
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Flood plains
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form from both deposition and erosion. usually the sign of an older or mature river nice an flat with rich soil
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Aquifer
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a saturated area of soil that has a high enough porosity and permeability to be able to transfer larger quantities of water to a well or other discharge. example: sand or sandstone
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porosity
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volume of pore space of soil or rock expressed as a percentage of its total volume. It is how much water rock material can hold or the space in joints, fractures and faults in rock
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travertine
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depositional stone formations; form endless dripping water over great spans of time; calcium carbonate left behind produces this limestone;
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flood control
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Engineering efforts, artificial levees, flood control dams, channelization
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narrow valley
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V-shaped, downcutting toward base level , rapids, waterfalls
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recharge
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the process of infiltration and migration through which groundwater is replenished, usually by precipitation
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infiltration
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movement of surface water into rock/soil through cracks and pore spaces;
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karst topography
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typically have irregular terrain with many depressions called sinkholes;
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steam valley
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shaped by weathering, overland flow, mass wasting
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meander
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streams that transport much of their load in suspension generally move in sweeping bends. It flows in deep smooth channels and transport mainly mud (silt and clay)
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freshwater
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drinking water 75% ice and 25% groundwater
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stalagmites
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develop on floor of cavern and reach up; don't have central tube;
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wide valley
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stream is near base level, downward erosion is less dominant and stream energy is directed from side to side
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braided stream
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a network of converging and diverging streams that make their way among numerous gravel bars
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two types of aquifers
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unconfined aquifer and confined aquifer
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zone of aeration
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unsaturated zone, pore spaces are filled mainly with air
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base level
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lowest point to which a stream can erod its channel;1) ultimate- sea level; 2) temporary - lakes, resistant layers of rock; streams that act as base level for their tributaries;
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Bars
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a ridged of sediment of any size that forms along the edge of the stream when the stream velocity slows down
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