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Definitions |
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λ=
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c/v
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highest energy orbital
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f
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hertz
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the unit of frequency
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Wavelength
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length of one complete wave
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ground state
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lowest possible energy level
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Amplitude
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the height of a wave's crest
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atomic orbital
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a mathematical expression describing the probability of finding a electron at various locations; represented by the region of space around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron
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Bohr
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Created the planetary model of the atom.
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ROYGBIV
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colors of visible light from longest wavelength to shortest
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spectrum
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wavelengths of visible light that are separated when a beam of light passes through a prism; range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
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Photons
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A quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Includes all forms of electromagnetic radiation; the types of radiation differ in their frequencies and wavelengths.
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Atomic Orbitals
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The regions around the nucleus within which the electrons have the highest probability of being found
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valence electrons
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the electrons in an atom's outermost orbitals; determine the chemical properties of an element
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Energy Levels
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the specific energies an electron in an atom or other system can have
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electromagnetic radiation
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emission and transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
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Hund's Rule
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electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number or electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible
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Electron Configuration
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the ways in which electrons are arranged in various orbitals around the , the ways in which electrons are arranged in various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms
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energy sublevel
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each energy sublevel corresponds to an orbital of a different shape, which describes where the electron is likely to be found
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p orbitals
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- dumbbell-shaped
- 3 kinds of p orbitals have different orientations on space
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principal energy level
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the major energy levels of an atom
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Paulie exclusion principle
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(how# electron goes in each orbital) an atomic orbital holds up to 2 electrons. arrows used to represent electrons
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Pauli exclusion principle
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no two electrons or protons or neutrons in a given system can be in states characterized by the same set of quantum numbers
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principle energy level
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n. each level has # of sublevel/atomic orbitals
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When Atoms Absorb Energy, Electrons...
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move into higher energy levels
These electrons then lose energy by emitting light when they return to lower energy levels
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quantum mechanical model of the atom
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an atomic model in which the electrons are treated as waves' also called the wave mechanical model of the atom
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700-350 nm
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visible light
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3
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number of p orbitals
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E
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e=hV 6.63 x 10^-34 J`s
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Max Planck
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German physicist, 1858-1947, concluded that matter can gain or lose energy only in small, specific amounts, called quanta
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higher frequencies
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result from electrons falling through larger changes in energy levelss
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5
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3d Sublevel: How many orbitals are in this sublevel?
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node
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where there is no amplitude in a wave
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radio waves
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have the lowest frequency and longest wavelength
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Atomic Emission Spectrum
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Pattern formed when light passes through a prism or diffraction grating to separate it into the different frequencies of light it contains.
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wavelength and frequency
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are inversely proportional to each other
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Electron Configurations
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The ways in which electrons are arranged in various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms
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Kinetic Molecular Theory
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1. Matter is made of small particles
2. Empty space between particles
3. Particles are always moving
4. More energy makes particles move faster and farther apart
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Quantum
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the amount of energy needed to move an electron from one energy level to another
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principal energy levels
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n specifies the atom's major energy levels
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frequency
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the number of waves cycles to pass a given point per unit of time
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Quantum of energy
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amount of energy required to move an electron from its present energy level to the next higher one
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Pauli exclusion principal
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states that a maximum of two electrons may occupy a single atomic orbital, but only if the electorns have opposite spins
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The electron cloud
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- A visual model of the probable locations of electrons in an atom
- The probability of finding an electron is higher in the denser regions of the cloud
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planck's constant
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6.63 x 10 ^ -34) J (joules) x s (seconds)
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Hantaro Nagaoka - 1904
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- Suggests that an atom has a cental nucleus
- Electron moves in orbits like the rigs around Saturn
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Magnetic
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Quantum number indicating orientations
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Angular Momentum
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Quantum number indicating shape
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electron
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travels around and outside the nucleus; is negative
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atomic theory
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what scientists think about atoms based on repeated observations of how atoms act in experiments
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noble-gas notation
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shorthand method to write electron configuration using the preceding noble gas and then any electrons after the noble gas
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energy sublevels
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energy levels contained in each principal energy levels, increases as n increases
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ionic bond
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a bond formed by the electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions
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Paschen series
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WHich series uses infrared light to create line emission spectrum?
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groups
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a column of the periodic table of the elements
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principal quantum number
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energy level; how far the electrons are from the nucleus of an atom
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C = (lambda) (nu)
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What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength for electromagnetic radiation?
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pH
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the amount of an acid or base in a solution
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3.00 x 10^8 m/s
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At what speed does ALL electromagnetic radiation travel?
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alpha rays, gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves, radar, radio waves, television, FM waves, short waves, long waves
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Name three kinds of electromagnetic radiation.
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6.96 x 10^-18 Joules
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How much energy does a photon with a frequency of 1.05 x 10^16 s^-1 have?
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it emits a photon of energy and moves to a lower energy level closer to the nucleus
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What happens when an electron loses energy?
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Spin
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Quantum number indicating spin
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single replacement reaction
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one element replaces another
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[Kr]5s1
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Write the noble-gas notation for rubidium.
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photon
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massless paricle that carries a quantum of energy
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acid
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a compound that forms hydroxide (oH-) when dissolved in water
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Photoelectric Effect
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Photoelectrons are emitted from a metal's surface
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frequency decreases
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What happens when a wavelength increases?
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absorption spectrum
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set of frequencies of electromagnetic waves that an atom's electrons absorb
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chemical formula
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a method that uses chemical symbols and numbers to show the makeup of a compound
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Schroedinger Wave Equation
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Quatum mechanical model of the atom
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Lyman series
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Which series uses ultraviolet light to create line emission spectrum?
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quantum number
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n; the number assigned to each orbit(energy level) of an atom
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18
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How many total electrons in the third principal energy level?
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dumbbell
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What is the shape of a p orbital?
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aufbau principle
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states that the electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available
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salt
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a compound that forms after a base and an acid is combined
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radio waves, tv, FM waves
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Which kind of electromagnetic radiation has the lowest frequency?
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1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
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Write the electron configuration notation for calcium.
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1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s . .
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What is the order for filling the orbitals, based on lowest energy level first?
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6.0 x 10^10 Hz
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A form of energy has a wavelength of 5.0 x 10^-3 meters. What is the frequency of the energy?
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only 2-D view and used only one electron instead of 2 or more
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Why couldn't Bohr's model be used for all elements?
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