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nearsightedness
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myopic individuals, they have difficulty seeing far, things must be close to be in focus
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contrast
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Brightness is determined by ______
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correct rejection
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responding no to noise alone
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photopic
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low sensitivity but high spatial resolution (acuity, good for recognizing space and reading)
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scotopic
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Rod receptor system (more sensitive); gives everything in shades of gray (achromatic)
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stereopsis
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illusion requiring two eyes that allows you to see in three dimensions, requires binocular disparity to work: a slight difference in the image on each retina
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symmetry
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gestalt principle that you group things together that form a symmetrical whole
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Ganzfeld effect
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featureless visual field (e.g., wandering in forest, cornfield, whiteout, ping pong balls over eyes)
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Gestalt psychology
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opposed structuralist notion that a perception is a combination of individual sensations that can be reduced to simple, individual elements; these psychologists focused on the relationship between stimuli
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neurophysiological approach
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argues that sensory and perceptual phenomena are best explained by known neural and physiological mechanisms serving sensory structures
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Herman Helmholtz
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founder of experimental psychology and one of the best physicists of his day, one of the first to measure the nerve impulse
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power law
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according to this, sensory or subjective magnitude grows in proportion to the physical intensity of the stimulus raised to a power; in other words, sensory magnitude is equal to physical intensity raised to a power
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perception
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refers to the product of psychological processes in which meaning, relationships, context, judgment, past experience, and memory play a role
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Bandwidth, division
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BLoS #3: _______: receptor is sensitive to a particular ____ of stimulus (e.g., sound meter sensitive to particular Hz frequency, particular receptor in retina sensitive to particular wavelength)
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farsightedness
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hyperopic individuals, as you age you tend to become more this due to the fact that the lens becomes more rigid over time due to loss of accomodation
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achromatic
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______ lens brings light of different colors to focus at a single point, minimizing chromatic abberation....typical for binoculars
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presbyopia
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The increase in farsightedness as you age
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red, scotopic
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Illumination in military vehicles is always ____ because it doesn't disturb dark adaptation by not triggering a response in ____ system.
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camoflage
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Goal of ______ is to eliminate figure-ground cues
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clarity
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monocular cue, closer image is clear while further images are hazy
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brighter, contrast
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Against a darker background, the figure will appear _____ than it is to emphasize ______.
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joint
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When you paralyze the embryo, ____ formation will not occur because movement is required to sculpt the ball and socket
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habituation, dishabituation
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______: if you continually repeat visual or auditory stimulus you may show decreased response, _____ occurs when another stimulus interrupts the habituation
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transactionalism
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What theory explains why you always see a door as a rectangle, even though the image displayed on the retina is most often a trapezoid?
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similarity
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Gestalt principle of _____ says that you will group objects that look the same, perceiving them as rows and columns
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method of constant stimuli
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constant increments of increasing stimulus are delivered, tends to yield the least variable and most accurate absolute threshold values
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empiricism
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the doctrine that the only source of true knowledge about the world is sensory experience, that is, what is seen, heard, tasted, smelled, or felt (Hobbes, Locke, and Berkeley were major figures)
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change, interfering, normal
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Three things required for Signal Detection Theory:1. Every signal brings about a _____ in the observer.2. There is something _______ (noise) in the detection of the stimulus.3. Effect of noise, or signal + noise, can be plotted as ______ distributions.
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cognitive neuroscience
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field of research that has recently emerged that studies, on a neural level, how the brain performs complex levels of human activities such as thinking and perceiving; interdisciplinary field that draws from areas of experimental and cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and computer science
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retinex theory
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theory that the ratios of wavelength information are maintained, when you have one color your brain can compute the ratios to produce color
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reduce
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Increasing the amount of light in the environment will _____ the size of the pupil
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mach bands
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these are the phenomenon of scalloping that we see when looking at edges
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passive feedback
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just experience of motion, not seeing feedback
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edges
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Everything is a group of ______, we have a nervous system that is working overtime to establish these where it can, distorting reality to enhance the form of the object
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right, left
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The more signal there is, the further to the ______ the criterion will move, the reverse is also true, if there is little signal, the criterion will move to the _____ due to higher "yes" bias.
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law of numerousness
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Real life application of the Power Law, the more $ you have, the more you need
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receptive fields
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an area of the retina that when stimulated brings about a change in a neuron (neuron could be in the retina or the midbrain). Also, these are not limited to vision, could be for any other sensory system as well
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defraction limited
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this means that the performance of a lens is limited only by the physics of light, in other words it is as good as it can get
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spherical aberration
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light going through lens tends not to focus at any particular point
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click
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For a tone, when you flip the switch from off to on you hear a ____ due to the high amp/freq component; to get around this, you must taper the tone
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simultaneous contrast
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when two colors are placed right next to each other, each making the other look more intense
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1, 5, 14
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Threshold for a rod is ____ photon, but the minimum number of photons you can detect is between ___ and ____
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resolution acuity
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how well you can tell two lines or dots apart, if you can tell what you're looking at, then you can "resolve" it
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light, decreases, aperture
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When pupil gets bigger, more ____ is entering and optical performance ______. Analogous to low quality camera, performance can be improved by sizing down the _______.
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focal ratio
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ratio of diameter of lens to its focal length; if you open the lens wide you get a shallow depth of field
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pre-reflexive movement
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you cannot get hte embryo to move, it moves on its own, suggesting that there's motor precosity (it is moving before it is perceiving/making a response)
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Corollary discharge, efferent copy
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this is when your brain sends a message to your eyes to shift gaze and a simultaneous message (or _________) is sent to another part of the brain to tell it to disregard the apparent motion.
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blind spot, optic nerve
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Each eye has a blind spot, called a ______, because there are no rods or cones where the ______ leaves the eye.
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monocular depth perception
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what you see when you use one eye; you can do most things with one eye
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by taking readings from different points of the planet to detect shift in position or at different times of the year
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How can parallax be used to determine hte distance of the nearest stars?
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You decrease size of the pupil thus increasing depth of field (like having a smaller focal ratio in a camera)
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Why is reading under bright light most effective?
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