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Definitions |
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Triad
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Three-person group
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religion--interactionsm
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belief, ritual, experience
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Bonilla-Silva,
racialization
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-races develop different interests
-racial contestation for social, political, economic, idealogical gains
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*community*-common values and beliefs-sense of togetherness-family loyalty, close personal ties
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Gesellschaft
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homogamy
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marrying someone with social characteristics similar to one's own
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Sex
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the biological and anatomical differences distinguishing females from males
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Max Weber
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key concept: verstehen=understanding; having insight on people's beliefs and spirituality; trying to understand a person's beliefs and habits (criticizes Marx)
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organized crime
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large-scale bureaucratic organizations that provide illegal goods and services in public demand.
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obedience
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complies with in hierarchical structure
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Duncan-Watts
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6 degrees of separation with e-mail
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technology
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the knowledge, techniques, and tools that allow people to transform resources into a usuable form and the knowledge and skills required to use what is developed.
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values
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collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, proper (or the opposite) in culture
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Comparative method
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Research technique that compares existing official statistics and historical records across groups to test a theory and some social phenomena.EX: Census data
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Sample
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The individuals intended to represent the population to be studied
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many are ruled by a few
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oligarchy
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Men with this gender ideology, according to Hochschild, support their wives working but still feel that their primary realm should be the home
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Transitional
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Natural Environment
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Earth's surface and atmosphere, including living organisms, air, water, soil, and other sources necessary to sustain life
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Nonverbal communication
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facial expression, gesture, posture. Culturally embedded.
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acting crowd
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potentially violent crowd with intense emotions formed around a dramatic event
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Pan-Indianism
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emphasis on common elements that run through Native American cultures.
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cultural lag
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Ogburn’s term for human behavior lagging be-hind technological innovations
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Exchange Mobility
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Exchange of position; More talented people in each generation move up in the economic hierarchy, while less talented move down.
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Latent function (definition)
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Functions that are less recognized.
"hidden function"
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Ascribed Status
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a position individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life
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Institutionalized Discrimination
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The established, customary way of doing things in society-the unchallenged rules, policies, and day-to-day practices that impede or limit minority members' achievement and keep them in subordinate and disadvantaged positions
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Law
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The written set of guidelines that define what is right and wrong in society
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religion--conflict theory
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Weber: connection b/t religion and capitalist developmentprotestant ethics in relation to capitalismMarx: religion hinders social change by encouraging oppressed ppl to focus on other worldly concerns rather than on their state of poverty or exploitation
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Gender
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What society says is proper for male/females
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Observation
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A research technique in which an investigator collects information through direct participation and/or closely watching a group or community.
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social structure
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the stable organized patterns of social relationships and social institutions that exist within a particular group or society
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Bourgeoisie
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Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production.
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Crowd
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A temporary gathering of people who share a common focus of attention and who influence one another
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Immigration
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Immigration: the number of people who enter a country to establish permanent residency per 1,000 population
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stigma
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Used to describe to labels that society gives to devalue members of certain groups, negative label
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looking-glass self
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interactions shape a self concept. 1.present ourselves, 2. imagine how others see us, 3. develop as a result of our evaluations
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opinion leader
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someone who influences the opinions and decisions of others through day-to-day personal contact and communication
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mobility
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Certain key resources help you move social classes, education is best way to move up in society (possibility)
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formal organization
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formed in order to maximize efficiency
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folk society
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a small, homogeneous, and isolated community functioning chiefly through primary contacts and strongly attached to its traditional ways of living
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participant observation
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when a researcher moves from observing as outsider to participating actively in a group
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Racial Literacy
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The skills taught to children of multiracial families to help them cope with racial hierarchies and to integrate multiple ethnic identities.
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a group formerly labeled as deviant attempts to redefine their acts, attributes, or identities as normal, even virtuous
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tertiary deviance
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world systems theory
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differences among societies in health, wealth, and education, access to technology, are not inevidable
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social control
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the enforcing of norms through either internal or external means
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Peer group
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consist of individuals who are roughly the same age and have similar interests
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primary group
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a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
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knowledge that is applied to the task of living
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technology
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Question: In 1983, in Sri Lanka, thirteen government soldiers were killed by 'Tamil Tigers, that led to a full scale civil war. Sociologically, this type of event that contributed to the ethnic conflict is called ______.
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Precipitating Event
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What is exogamy?
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when people in different social categories marry.
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instrumental autocratic
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achieving your goals by getting people to follow the task
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This level of measurement has a ture or absolute zero
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Ratio
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subculture
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a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of a larger society
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life course approach
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look at how different biological things in our life are socially marked. birth, death, etc
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discrimination
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Denial of equal rights, resources to a person or a group, also a function of a racist system- in order to solidify the race’s power in that institution, discrimination must occur (deny someone a job)
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control theory
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Our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society’s norms
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Social Science
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studies the features of human society and behavior interaction, change, etc (soc, poli sci, psych)
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In his example of an ideal type, what term did Ferdinand Toennies give to a "community" as an example of a rural area??
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Gemeinschaft
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suggests that deviance is a matter of rewards and punishments;deviance occurs when an individual receives more prestige and less punishment byviolating norms rather than following them
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differential association
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class consciousness
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Karl Marx: a shared idenity based on their position in means of producton
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Language
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a set of symbols and rules that, when put together in a meaningful way, provides a complex communication system
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dramaturgical analysis
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Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
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Symbolic interactionalist perspective on health care
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Focus: How social inequality affects health and medicine
•Capitalistic Societies
•Criticism
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What is income?
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the omey people recieve as rents, royalties,wages or profits.
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Critical Sociology
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study of society that focuses on the need for social change;
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What is Sociology?
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the scientific study of human behavior and human groups. - interactions, institutions, operation
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interactionist research on gender
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How gender roles affect gender interactions, conversations btw men and women (interruption), men interrupt women more than visa versa- regardless of situation
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false consciousness
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Lack of an understanding btw your own class and the social situation that created it, connect class and influence of powerful social structures
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How does weber understand class?
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Economic standing, status- hierarchy w/ in society not as an economic result, power- all account for class understanding
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material vs non-material culture
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m- the physical or technological aspects of daily life, non- ways of using material objects, as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, govts, and patterns of communication
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define society
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a group of people who are organized to share a common culture
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Marx beliefs of inequality
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class inequality is related to means of production
--> when some people own means of production
--> must socialize
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feminization of poverty
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refers to the situation that most poor families in the US are headed by women
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Criticisms of Merton's Anomie Theory
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can't explain:
1. counter-culture of 1960s
2. why ppl chose various models
of adaptation
3. non-utilitarian crimes like rape
4. white collar crime
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role of language in culture
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the foundation of culture, displays the priorities of culture, certain words tell what is important to a culture
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functionalist view of stratification
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There are differences, but they are necessary- economic rewards act as a motivator in society, ex: brain surgeons make a lot of money to compensate for all their hard work
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Durkheim (fuinctionalist) on deviance
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Punishments in culture help to define acceptable behavior, if an action doesn’t lead to consequences/ punishments, then people will participate in deviant behavior
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Do Media Monsters Devour Diversity
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Are music, film, books, cds, and clothing 'weaponry' to make money off of the teen market?
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What do we mean by cultural lag?
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when material culture outplaces nonmaterial culture
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the segir whurd hypothesis
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Language predisposes us to how we view the universe
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what is a public?
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a dispersed group of people who share an interest in and issue ex- democrats and republicans
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2 main components of a society
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1. culture: society's way of life2. structure: typical patterns of a group (social class, status, roles, groups)
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McIntosh's research of white privilege
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Race is voluntary for whites, so they have hidden privileges- understand race only when they have to, socialized into white privilege, 1- whites are generally around other whites, 2- white ppl treated differently (ex- retail), 3- white standard norm is parenting (socializing), 4- whites don’t have the pressure of representing their race
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What is the least effective form of socialization?
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Low emotional support with coercive control
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Why is the incest taboo found in every society?
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-it limits sexual competition between members of families-it helps define people's rights and obligations toward one another-it integrates members of a family within the larger society
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