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Definitions |
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superego
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the conscience
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(B) Conflict Theory
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The study “Bumper Stickers and the Cops” used which research design?
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stereotypes
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overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories
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crime
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Something that’s socially constructed, violation of a law, our idea of crime changes over time with change in deviance
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participant observer
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research by going undercover
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Sociology
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The study of human society
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Mores
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Norms that ARE strictly enforced
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latent function
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unintended, unrecognized, consequences of activities that help some part of the social system
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the sword of Damocles
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any imminent dangers
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symbol
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something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others
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Social Structure
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The interweaving of people's interactions and relationships in recurrent and stable patterns
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Prejudice
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the holding of preconceived ideas about an individual or group, ideas that are resistant to change even in the face of new information
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Edward Hummingbird's father was sent to a government boarding school. This is an example of.a.Voluntary assimilationb.Forced assimilationc.Forced relocationd.Relocation
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B.
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Manifest Function
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open, stated, intendedexample: higher education- provides skills and training
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Habitualized
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Following routine and continuing that routine simply because it's habit.
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Habitualized
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NA
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sterotypes
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exaggerated beliefs associated with a category of people.
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medicine
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an institutionalized system for the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness
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capitalism
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means of production are privately owned
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Robert Merton
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Macro. soc- large-scale phenomena, Micro. soc- small group phenomena, population vs sample
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social control
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Techniques and strategies for preventing human deviant behavior in society, too much social control is bad
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Daniel Yankelovich
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argued that narcissism indicated that Americans believed less in hard work than earlier generations
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functionalist
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view various elements of society in terms of their functions
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Status
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One' socially defined position in a group; it is often characterized by certain expectaions & rights.
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acting crowd
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excited, colatile collection of ppl whoa re engaged in rioting, looting, or tother
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Durkheim Theory (Industrial)
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Organic solidarity-
people are interdependent because they rely on each other economically
keywords: organic, interdependent
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horizontal mobility
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movement within a particular social stratum (p.209).
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Sociological Perspective
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examines how social context can influence people's lives; especially in relation to broader social context
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Object relations theory
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A psychoanalytic theory of socialization arguing that social relationships children experience early in life determine the development of their personality
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Industry
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The production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery.
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Social Movements
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A sustained attempt by collective actors to bring about rapid change
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Most new jobs require what?
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a college degree
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reliability
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consistency in the measurement of a variable over time; the quality of measurement of teh variable that suggests that the same results and data would be collected in repeated observations
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Aging
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The life-long process of growing older that happens to everyone, not just older adults
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Anything seen as typical in a society
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Folkways
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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first feminist. applied ideas f Enlightenment towards women
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4 subcultures among college students
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collegiate=social, academic=enjoy class, vocational=goal is to get a job after college, non-conformist=don't like college, reject the college culture
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looking-glass self
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interactions shape a self concept. 1.present ourselves, 2. imagine how others see us, 3. develop as a result of our evaluations
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types of norms
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formal- written, specify punishment, informal- generally understood, not precisely recorded (manners), mores- norms deemed necessary to the welfare of a society, Folkways- governs everyday life
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class consciousness
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An understanding of your shared oppression, shared oppression of a certain class of people, awareness of who owns what and who doesn’t- who has common interests
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master status
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a position that strongly affects other aspects of a person's life
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Single Parent Families
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28% of families with children
economic concerns
role conflict
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Family
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Group of people who are related by marriage, blood, or adoption and who live together and share economic resources.
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One of the founders of sociology; built upon Marx’s theory of social class by describing three dimensions of one’s social class: class position, status, and power
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Max Weber
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"Macro" Feminist Theory (definition)
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"macro"
gender inequality is built into social institutions.
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Anticipatory Socialization
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The process of learning about role requirements of a particular status prior to actually acquiring that status (p.167)
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Macrosociology
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study of large groups of people, even whole societies
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ethnography
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a method of social research used to study what people do, think, and believe in their group and includes observation as an outsider
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The instructor’s frown and the gossip of other students are examples of ____.
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Informal Social Control
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process of succession
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or ethic succession is the replenishment of the transition zones by the culturally lowest status group. Burgess saw each succeeding outward circle representing increasing affluence
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false consciousness
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lack of understanding that a personal trouble is actually a public issue
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Reserve labor market
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threats towards employment; feeds into reserve labor force (competition)
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normative
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uses moral persuasion to get people to act or do something in particular
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Dominant ideology
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Dominant Ideology: a set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic and political interests
Dominant ideology constructs reality
Mass media maintains the privileges of certain groups
Mass media decision makers are overwhelmingly White, male, and wealthy
Media tend to ignore subordinate groups, for example:
minorities
the working class
gays and lesbians
people with disabilities
overweight people
older people
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Emile Durkheim
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human interaction in a broad social context: 1.organizational soc, 2.criminology, 3. religious soc, Amonie
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iron law of oligarchy
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organizations begin as oligarchy (democratic) and move to bureaucracy
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bureaucracy
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formal, meant to aid in the function of a formal organization. - division of labor, hierarchy, written rules, impersonal, employment=technical qualifications
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the underclass
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The long term poor, lack social resources needed to get out of poverty, believed it could be amended if we provided them w/ these social resources
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subculture
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a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of a larger society
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identification
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acceptance as one's own of the values and interests of a social group
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social interaction
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how people relate to one another and influence each other's behavior consequently.
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Class System
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open system based both on birth and personal achievement
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Life Chances
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a term introduced by Max Weber to signify a person's opportunities for achieving economic prosperity
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social aggregate
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-is made of of people who temporarily happen to be in physical proximity to eachother, share little else- ceases to exist when its members are away form one another.
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Which of the following is the best definition of a family?
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Reproduction, protection, socialization, regulation of sexual behavior, companionship and the provision of social status
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Define Folkways:
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Norms of conduct of everyday life that bring only mild censure or punishment if they are violated.
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Minority groups
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not treated as equals and socially at a disadvantage
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD STEP 5
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analyze results and conclusion
how are variables related?
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What is deindustrialization?
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• The process by which workers are replaced by technology • Also process where they move the company to an area where cost of labor will be easier
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What is Sociology?
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the scientific study of human behavior and human groups. - interactions, institutions, operation
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intention of minimum wage
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Help workers maintain a minimum standard of living
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ethnocentrism
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The idea that one norm should apply to all groups, white privilege- all groups conform to white standard
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role set
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the set of roles associated with a single social stratum.
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Family of Orientation
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Nuclear family into which a person is born.
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Industrial Revolution
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There was a shift in the economy from agrarian to industrial. The shift caused there to be extremes in wealth and poverty
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What are common reactions to deviance in the U.S.?
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imprisonment, capital punishment, degradation ceremonies, hate crimes
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admitting to things to get a less severe penalty
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medicalization of deviance
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What is face work?
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The behavior that you demonstrate to preserve your sense of self when faced with embarrassment or rejection (IE failing a driving test and blaming instructor vs yourself)
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human relationships approach
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people motivated by a desire to help others
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informal and formal social control
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Informal- casual way of enforcing social norms, formal- carried out by an authorized social agent
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Define Counter Culture and give examples.
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Special type of subculture where differences clash with the larger culture.Extremist groups, Aryan Nation, Black Panthers
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most likely to be liberal on social issues
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righ, highly educated people
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Saez shows that recent income gains were:
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Disproportionately concentrated in the top 1 percent
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what is a social movement?
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A collective activity to bring about or resist a fundamental change in society- civil rights, women’s rights, etc, Bloomer- collective enterprise to establish a new order of life
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Charles Horton Cooley
George Herbert Mead
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studied the effects of symbols such as nods of the head, clinched fists, smiles , frowns, stares etc. as individual behaviors that influence group hehaviors. They also confounded the symbolic interactionist perspective. Cooley introduced the term looking glass self, meaning the process by which humans develop their sense of self
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Five basic forms of adaptation
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1) conformists: goal in society is to choose wealth and accept societies norms and goals 2) inovator: accepts goals, but regects societies needs ex: mobster 3) ritualist: accepts accepts societies needs-works hard to achieve goal 4) retrievists: rejects societies needs and goals; money is not important 5) the rebel: feels alienated from society, societies goals and needs; seeks to overthrow society
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What are the five major classes in the U.S.A
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1. Upper
2. Upper-middle
3. Lower middle
4. Working
5. Lower
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What are the reasons that Asian American students felt alienated from Hunter College?
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First and foremost, they did not think that the school was prestigious enough in the academic hierarchy set forth by their parents.
-Second, most had struggled with school before ever coming to Hunter, Their difficulties, for some in the high school years, and for other sin college, would hardly have qualified them as super-achievers to begin with.
-Not having a campus students go to school and then go home
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