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ethical standards
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ethicsmorals
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Bild: !http://dl-client.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/ikea.png! 19 Identify the main relationships in your system (the answer to question 17). Classify them into the three categories of symbiotic, synergistic and redundant relationshi
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Bild: !http://dl-client.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/svar19.png!
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5 professional values
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altruismautonomyhuman dignityintegritysocial justice
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environment definition
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internal/external surroundings that effect the person
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altruism definition
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demonstrate understanding of cultures, beliefs, and perspectives of othesadvocates for patients, especially the vulneraletakes risks on behalf of patients and colleaguesmentors other professionals
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person definition
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most importantrecipient of nursing care
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ethics
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system dealing with standards of character and behavior related to what is right or wrong
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79 Describe briefly the different types of environments proposed by Emery and Trist.
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!http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/79.png!
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43_b Describe the Second-Order Feedback System.
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Bild: !http://dl-client.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/43b.png!
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ethics definition
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systematic inquiry into principles of right and wrong conduct, of curtue and vice, and of good and evil as they relate to conduct
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choosing definition
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when someone values something, their choices are done freely and without pressureno discrimination on choices
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35. Bild: !http://dl-client.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/35.png!
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_Complexity_: Beer uses three subclasses: simple, complex and exceedingly complex. A simple system is one which has few components and few interrelationships; similarly, a system which is richly interconnected and highly elaborate is complex, and a exceedingly complex system is one which cannot be described in a precise and detailed fashion. _Predictability_: This concerns the system’s deterministic or probabilistic nature. In the former, the parts interact in a perfectly predictable way, while in the latter the system is not predetermined in its behaviour, although what may likely occur can be described. *(Simple) deterministic systems* are of little interest because behaviour is predetermined and because they do not include the organization as does an open system. From _simple_ deterministic systems one moves to _complex_ deterministic ones, the singular difference being the degree of complexity involved. In all of the examples in the table, there is only a single state of nature for the system which is determined by the structural arrangement of the elements composing it. If these are in the proper configuration, the system will operate in a _predetermined_ pattern. If one were to introduce a second state of nature into each of the example systems, they would become probabilistic. *Probabilistic systems* can range from the simplest games of chance, such as the flipping of a coin, in which only two possible states can exist, to the organization in which multiple states are possible. In this _simple_ probabilistic system, the additional examples of quality control and machine breakdowns are presented. As the _complexity_ of a probabilistic system and the number of states of nature increase, prediction and control of systems behaviour become extremely difficult. The last category of _exceedingly complex_, probabilistic systems includes the firm, the individual, and the economy, all of which can exhibit variable states of nature. (p. 74-76)
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93 Describe the five assumptions that underlie the Goal approach.
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!http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/93.png!
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4 concepts of nursing
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1. person2. health3. environment4. nursing
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values clarification
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process by which people come to understand their own values and calue system
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general systems theory
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since 1920sludwig von Bertalanffy for universal carebreak a whole thing into parts and learn how parts work together in \"systems\"relationships between the whole and its parts
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interpersonal skills
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promotion of dignity and respect of patients as peoplecaring relationshipmutual enrichment of the nurse-patient relationship
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value system
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organization of values ranked along a continuum of importance
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84 How is the interaction between a system and its environment carried out?/84 Hur sker växelverkan mellan ett system och dess omgivning?
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!http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/84.png!
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APN ethics
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same as RN and:informs client of risks and benefits of treatmentparticipates in interdisciplinary teams(address ethical risks, benefits or outcomes)
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51 Draw a control system and explain how its parts are related to each other.
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Bild: !http://dl-client.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/51.jpg!
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Feedback (as input)
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*Feedback*: The second kind of input represents a reintroduction of a portion of the output of a system as an input in the same system. [...] A feedback input differs from other inputs only insofar as it is an output of the focal system itself and not of some other system. This output reenters the focal system as an input, as a feedback input. The subject will be treated extensively in the chapter on cybernetics. *p.15*
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27 Define the term isomorphism!
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*Enligt NE:* Isomorfi: strukturlikhet. Två företeelser eller domäner säges vara isomorfa om de trots materiella olikheter uppvisar samma struktur i relevanta avseenden. *Enligt svenskakomplementdokumentet:* Alla isomorfismer är analogier, men alla analogier är inte isomorfismer. Isomorfismer är en undergrupp till analogier. Två system kan sägas vara isomorfa med varandra om och bara om 1. deras element står i ett 1:1 förhållande med varandra och 2. de relationer som definierats i det ena systemets element också finns i de motsvarande i det andra systemet.
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18 In the system you described for question 17, classify its inputs into serial and feedback.
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Bild: !http://dl-client.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/ikea2.png!
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What is an analysis?
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Breaking down the whole and analyse the individual parts.
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69 What determines whether further information shall be acquired or not? (Fig. 6-4)
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It’s determined by the interrelationship between the supply of information and the cost of the information gathering. When the two curves meet at a spot, there you should stop acquiring information, after that spot “it’s nor worth the effort” any longer. See Fig 6-4 p. 158. Net value it value of information minus cost of obtaining information. It’s at this point you make the decision that the problem definition is adequate, and that enough information has been obtained to make decision. (This Q is related to 68).
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58 What is homeostasis? Give examples!
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A continuous, automatic corrective action resulting from a continuous and automatic sensing and comparing of the system’s output. Homeostatic control is an integral part of system behavior. Ex. Implicit control.
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38 What is a self-regulatory feature?
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Self-regulation is based on feedback and comparison. For example a thermostat in the house, you set it to be 21 degrees inside your house. The thermostat “checks” the temperature in a fixed interval and compares the found temperature to its “goal temperature” and if it is lower, the temperature will go up. *(eget svar)*
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22 Mention the ten hallmarks of General Systems Theory.
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1. interraltionships and interpendence of objects and their attributes 2. holism 3. goal seeking 4. inputs and outputs 5. transformation - all systems are transformers of inputs into outputs 6. entropy - can be defined as a measure of the disorder in a system 7. regulation - Interacting objects must be regulated(managed) in some fashion so that the system objectives(goals) can ultimately be realized. 8. hierarchy - systems are generally complex wholes made up of smaller subsystems. The nesting of systems within other systems is what is implied by hierarchy 9. differentiation - In complex systems, speciallized units perform specialized functions. 10. equifinality - In open systems the final states are not determined solely by their initial conditions but can be reached from different starting points and in different ways.
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21 Mention the five postulates of General Systems Theory.
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P1. Ordning, regelbundenhet och icke slumpmässighet är att föredra framför avsaknaden av dessa (=kaos). P2. Ordning i den empiriska världen gör världen god, intressant och attraktiv för systemteoretikern. "Han älskar regelbundenhet, hans förtjusning är lagbundenhet och denna leder honom på säker stig genom djungeln." P3. Det är ordning i ordningen i den yttre eller empiriska världen (ordning av andra graden) - en lag om lagar. P4. För att uppnå ordning, är kvantitativa och matematiska metoder av högsta betydelse. P5. Sökandet efter lag och ordning gör det nödvändigt att involvera jakten på de realiteter som gestaltar dessa abstrakta lagar och ordningar - dess empiriska referenser. ---------- *P1* = Order, regularity and nonrandomness are preferable to lack of order or to irregularity (= chaos) and to randomness. *P2* = Orderliness in the empirical world makes the world good, interesting and attractive to the system theorist. *P3* = There is order in the orderliness of the external or empirical world (order of a second degree) - a law about laws. *P4* = To establish order, quantification and mathematization are highly valueable aids. *P5* = The search for order and law necessarily involves the quest for those realities that embody these abstract laws and order
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66 What does “data overload” mean, and why is it regarded as a problem?
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“Data overload” is when the decision maker is overwhelmed with data, and is unable to distinguish relevant from irrelevant data without it being too time consuming or costly. This is a problem since the purpose isn’t the collection of data itself that is crucial, but rather to make decisions and solve problems. You need to evaluate which data that is important in order to make the decision, and to do that, you need to have the problem defined as much as possible.
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97 How is the term effectiveness defined in the Financial viability approach?
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Financial viability approach - denotes the ability of an organization to pay its bills on time and aquire a surplus. The point price makes here is that since various constituents of organizations have different goals, it is difficult to collapse these goals into a single measure of effectiveness.
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23 Give the Boulding’s classification of systems.
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*level 1 Frameworks* - This is the level of static structures and relationships level *2 Clockworks* - This is the level of simple dynamic systems with predetermined motions *level 3 Cybernetics* - This is the level of maintenance of a given equilibrium within certain limits *level 4 Open systems* - This level is concerned with self maintenance of structure and therefore relies throughput of material and energy *level 5 Genetic Societal* - This level is typified by the plant and is characterized by a division of labor. *level 6 Animal level* - Increased mobility, goal seeking and self awareness. *level 7 Human*- self consciousness *level 8 Social organisation* *level 9 transcendental* - This is the level of the unkowables which escape us and for which we have no answers
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52 Explain why both stability and instability are important for a system to survive.
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Both states are important for the system to survive. Stability is the ultimate long-run goal and short-run instability is necessary for the system to adapt and learn. The system pursues a long-run stability via short-run changes in its behavior manifested in its output’s deviations from a standard.
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30 What is a Decomposable system compared to a Nearly Decomposable system?
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När mer interaktion bland delarna i delsystemet förekommer än mellan Delsystemen är systemet upplösbart. Detta innebär att varje delsystem kan behandlas som om det vore oberoende (Jfr Nearly decomposable systems). *Nearly Decomposable Systems* System med svag interaktion mellan delsystemen (Jfr decomposable systems).
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67 How is marginal analysis used to measure the value of information?
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One continues to acquire information as long as the benefits of the acquisition exceed the cost. As more and more information becomes available, it’s usefulness decreases and the cost for the acquisition increases. The optimum amount of information for an organization will be that amount of which the cost of acquiring one additional unit equals the benefit or utility of that unit. This is also called trade-off analysis.
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40 What is an “open-loop system”?
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An open-loop system is one in which the output of the system is not coupled to the input for measurement. Bild: !http://dl-client.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/40.jpg! Mechanical examples of open-loop systems are the water softener in a home, the washing machine or dryer, the automatic sprinkler system, the traffic light, automatic light switches, and the toaster. In all of these cases the output is not compared with the reference input, but instead, for each of the reference inputs there exists a corresponding fixed operating condition.
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15 How is a system’s boundary defined, according to Chin?
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*p.25*: _"The line forming a closed circle around selected variables, where there is less interchange of energy (or communication, and so on) across the line of the circle than within the delimiting circle."_
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47 Explain the black-box technique.
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Från föreläsning: * “Black-Box is only the analysis of relationships between the experimenter and the system or object. It is the study of the information that comes from the object and the way that this information is obtained. * Black Box technique cannot be confused with techniques such as stimulus-response or cause-and-effect. In the latter techniques the observer assign certain responses or effects to particular stimulus or causes” !http://dl-client.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/47.jpg! The problem of the black box first arose in electrical engineering. The engineer is given a sealed black box with terminals for input to which he may apply any voltages, shocks, or other disturbances. The box also has output terminals from which he may observe whatever he can. He is to deduce the contents of the box even without seeing what is going on inside. The black box technique involves the following sequential steps 1) input manipulation, 2) output classification and 3) many-to-one transformations. Sen tycker jag att boken tar upp ett så bra exempel, jag kan skriva det här, om ni vill. Annars finns det att hitta på sidorna 97-101 i boken.
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68 How is the most suitable time for problem definition decided? (Fig. 6-3)
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“A clear identification of the problem is half the solution.” See fig 6-3 p. 157. You acquire information in a greater amount in the initial study period than in the latter phase. Coming to a phase where both the problem definition curve and information acquisition cure levels off, that’s the best time for final problem definition because more information won’t effect the problem definition. The “decision gap” between information and problem is due to redundancy or cost.
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What is an official goal? How can goal attainment be measured?
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Official goals is formally presented "in the organizational charter, annual reports, public statements, and other authoritative pronouncements." These goals is often vague. The degree of _goal attainment_ can be measured as the organizational effectiveness
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50 What parts/elements does a control system consist of?
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* A control object, or the variable to be controlled * A detector, or a scanning subsystem- A comparator * An effector, or action-taking subsystem
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57 Much of the content of chapter 4 is about systems controlled by humans. Give some examples of systems that are controlled mechanically, and identify the control principles involved.
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Ex. All types of “Natural systems”, sensing, comparing, and correcting are performed in a semiautonomous fashion which parallels the goal-directed function of the operating system. No extra devices are required. Ex. Human physiology.
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37 What does the term Cybernetics mean?
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The Greek term _kybernetike_ means “the art of steermanship”... Wiener defines cybernetics as _the science of control and communication in the animal and the machine._ Wiener also states that “It is the purpose of Cybernetics to develop a language and techniques that will enable us indeed to attack the problem of control and communication in general, but also to find the proper repertory of ideas and techniques to classify their particular manifestations under certain concepts.” Communication is concerned with information transfer, both between the system and its environment and also among the parts of the system. *Från bokens ordbok: The science of control and communication in the animal and in the machine.*
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73 What is channel capacity and how is it measured?
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Channel capacity is the upper limit of the amount of information that can be transmitted over a particular channel. It’s measured in the unit of bits.
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13. Give a definition of the term system.
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A system is a whole that cannot be taken apart without loss of its essential characteristics, and hence it must be studied as a whole.
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32 How does a system adjust to its environment in the long run? Give examples.
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In the long run a system can respond to changes either by *structurally modifying itself* or by *structurally modifying the enviroment*. For instance the system seeks to modify its enviroment in much the same way as the buisness organisations seeks to change their enviroment by lobbing heir legislators who make the laws, by advert, by acquisitions and mergers
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justice definition
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acting fairly
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Serial Input
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Bild: !http://dl-client.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/serialinput.png! A serial input is the result of a previous system with which the focal system (the one in question is related). *p.14*
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5 principles of ethics
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autonomynonmaleficencebeneficencejusticefidelity
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fidelity definition
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keeping promises.involves being faithful to the promises you have made to the public which is to provide competent care
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modeling definition
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through observationlead to both socially acceptable or unacceptable behaviorsdone by observing parents, peers or significant others
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human dignity definition
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providing culturally competent careprotects the patient's privacypreserves the confidentiality of patients and healthcare providersdesigns care to sensitivity to individual patient needs
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100 Why is suboptimization sometimes preferred to optimization?
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!http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/100.png!
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integrity definition
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provides honest information to the patients and the publicdocuments care accurately and honestlyseeks to remedy errors made by self or othersdemonstrates accountability for your actions
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secondary prevention
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early detection of disease, prompt intervention, health maintenancegoal: reverse/reduce severity of disease or provide a cureEx: wound care, BP screening, dental care
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purpose of nursing theory in education
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guides curriculum
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39 Draw a “closed-loop feedback system”, and list its components!
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Bild: !http://dl-client.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/39.png!
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85 Explain the difference between the common state and the ideal state of scanning. (Fig. 8-3)/85 Förklara skillnaden mellan den verkliga och den ideella situationen vid scanning. (Fig. 8 - 3).
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!http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/85.png!
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43_a Describe the First-Order Feedback System.
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Bild: !http://dl-client.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/43a.png!
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purpose of nursing theory in clinical practice
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impacts outcomes
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Professional values definition
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provide the foundation for nursing practice and guides the nurse's interaction with others
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rewarding and punishing definition
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done by demonstration of behaviorschildren rewarded when demonstrating values held by parents and punished for unacceptable behaviors
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acting definition
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a person who values something either acts or behaves in a consistent manner. combine choices into one's behavior
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87 Draw the scanning tree, and explain its operations/modes!
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!http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/87.png!
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how many provisions in the ANA Code of Ethics
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9
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What is a system’s environment?
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*Environment*: The environment is everything that is outside the system. The system's environment has two attributes. 1. The system can not control the environment. 2. The environment must include all the determines, which decides how the system perform.
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responsible choices definition
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allows you to develop a personal value systemparents guide childrenchildren encouraged to explore competing values and weigh their consequencessupport and guidance are offered as children develop their personal value system
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53 What impact does Information Technology have on the time delay problem?
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The application of Information technology management information systems (MIS) and electric data progressing (EDP) has made considerable progress toward accelerating the transmission of information from the detector to the effector, as well as expediting the comparison and evaluation of information inside the comparator, still, the impact of the corrective action upon the control object’s behavior is felt after a considerable time lag.
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99 Describe optimization vs suboptimization.
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Optimization is the process whereby one finds the best balance of factors in a situation. Optimization applies to models and not to real life. Generally it is only applied to models of system components and not to total systems. Suboptimization is the process of settling for less than the best.
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95 Describe briefly the Systems-resource approach.
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As could be expected, the systems-resource is a system approach in which organizational effectiveness is defined in terms of how well the system integrates all its component parts and how well it is able to cope with the changing environment from which it obtains its resources (inputs) and to which it contributes its products or services (outputs).
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25 Define open vs closed systems!
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*Öppet system* Ett öppet system interagerar med sin omgivning, det importerar resurser från omgivningen (input) transformerar dessa (processer) och exporterar dessa till omgivningen igen (output). Denna input-process-output iterationscykel pågår fortlöpande. Tack vare detta utbyte med omgivningen är systemet självförnyande och undgår att nå maximal entropi, dvs. att systemet undgår att dö. *Slutet system = A system that does not take or give out anything to its environment* * Ett slutet system saknar input och output, alla dess resurser finns inneslutna i systemet. Man kan säga att ett slutet system saknar omgivning att interagera med. Man kan givetvis ifrågasätta om det överhuvudtaget existerar slutna system, annat än som teoretiska modeller. Hur väl man än försöker isolera något finns det alltid kvar någon form av yttre påverkan. När man utför olika typer av laboratorieexperiment försöker man skapa slutna system där alla variabler kontrolleras.
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59 Compare the definition of “Systems Engineering” presented by Ramos with the definition presented by Gross & Smith.
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Ramo defines system engineering as "the invention, design and integration of the entire assembly equipment, as distinct from the invention and design of the parts, and geared to optimum accomplishment of a broad product mission". Gross & Smith describe system engineering as: "the set of activities dealing with the design of harware (equipment, computer communication) and design of software, together with some documentation of this design activity."
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Define the term complexity!
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* the number of system elements * their attributes * the number of interactions among the elements * the degree of organization of the elements
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Compare the analytical approach with the systems approach.
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With analytical approach you break down the system into small parts and studies them. The analyse complements with synthesize, when the parts puts together to a new whole. <br /> The system approach observes the system as a whole. The relations is more important than the isolated parts. Opposed to the analytical approach, the systems approach observes the system environment which has an impact on the system. The system is viewed as changeable.
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78 What three dimensions determine how often a system needs to acquire data from its environment?
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(min åsikt) Scanning the enviroment will be necessary for making decisions. If the enviroment is uncertain, changes often, or is very complex, it will have to be scanned more often to make an adequate decision. !http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/78.png!
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91 Define the terms efficiency and effectiveness.
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*Efficiency* is concerned with doing things right. *Effectiveness* is doing the right things.
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56 What is Management by objectives (MBO)? Why is it cybernetical?
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Designed to measure the contribution of both a department and a individual to the system by a carful and explicit statement of the particular goals to be accomplished. MBO calls for an identification of the results in light of the originally planed goals and expected results. When objectives are defined in terms of the result to me achieved, and then one generally has a fairly good notion of what must occur in the system.
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28 Give examples of isomorphic and analogic systems/models.
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*Isomorfa system* är t ex en statskarta och en stad. *Analogic* - Att springa som en hjort, Att leva som en kung osv.
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14 Name the different parts of a system – from a functional view.
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*From p.14*: _From the functional viewpoint [...] a system's objects are the basic functions performed by the system's parts. What we are particularly interested in are not the parts in themselves but the parts as they function, as they do things. There are three kinds of objects: inputs, processes and outputs._
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65 What is the difference between information and “intelligence”, according to Van Gigch?
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Information is a subset of data present in the form of knowledge and intelligence is a subset of information used for decision-making or action, i.e. information is potential information for decision making while intelligence is information actually used in the decision making process.
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33 Studies of growth in social systems can be seen as changes between evolution and revolution. Explain figure 2-4!
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Figuren beskriver fem steg av evolution och revolution. *Evolution =* Förlängda perioder av tillväxt utan omvälvningar/omstöpningar i organisationen. *Revolution =* Varje evolution förorsakar sin egen revolution. Skapar ny evolution. *FAS 1:* _Evolution_ = tillväxt genom kreativitet, nyskapande. _Revolution_ = ledarskapskris pga. stark tillväxt, inget litet enmansföretag längre. Man behöver mer professionellt ledarskap/styrning. *FAS 2:* _Evolution_ = Förbättrat ledarskap och starkt styre/ledning med bättre direktiv. _Revolution_ = Självstyre kris p.g.a. att den hierarkiska strukturen har dåliga informationskanaler, dvs. dålig information mellan ledning och underordnade leder till att målet och helhetssynen försvinner. *FAS 3:* _Evolution_ = Delegering med mer självstyre för avdelningen, dvs. decentralisering. _Revolution_ = Kontrollkris/delegationskris, för mycket självstyre, avdelningen bryr sig bara om sitt eget bästa och ser ej till företagets bästa. Dålig kontroll. *FAS 4:* _Evolution_ = Koordinationen mellan delarna i systemet samt samarbetet och kontrollen blir bättre. _Revoloution _= Byråkratin blir för stor, svårt att samarbeta mellan avdelningar. Mycket pappersarbete och byråkrati. *FAS 5:* _Evolution_ = Förbättrat informationssystem, smidig byråkrati, bra samspel, allt bör fungera bra. _Revolution_ = ? (Går endast att spekulera i)
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12. How can a system be managed?
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The management in the system has two basic functions: (1) Planning and (2) controlling the system. The planning is made with respect to objectives, resources, components and environment. The system needs to be controlled that the plan is executed accordingly to the objectives. And to evaluate and change the plan is sometimes necessary. The management can control the system with help of various feedback-system. Without it, the planning and controlling would be inadequate.
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98 Suggest some measures of effectiveness for a student and library.
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*a) a student* - give the student a newspaper to read and then after a while ask the student questions about the most important content. *b) a library* - ask them to find you different books from the bookshelfs.
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48 According to Beer, there are three characteristics of cybernetic systems. List these together with the tools for analysis used in order to handle the characteristics.
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Extreme complexity, probabilism and self-regulation. Self-regulation in a system is best understood by employing the analytical tool of the feedback principle. Probabilism is best handled through the vocabulary and conceptual tools of probability theory or its modern equivalent, information theory. Extreme complexity is best understood through the use of the black-box technique.
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36 What criteria does Beer use for the classification?
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_Complexity_ (Simple, Complex and Exceedingly Complex) and _Predictability_ (Deterministic and Probabilistic)
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81 Describe in detail one of the types of environments in Duncan’s model.
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Choose a cell and describe! Note that organizations always strive to control their enviroment by reducing the level of uncertainty, since uncertainty hinders decisions. !http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/81.png!
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46 What does the Law of Requisite Variety by Ashby mean?
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The more complex a system, the more difficult it is to understand and control it. The more complex a system, the more difficult it is to define its structure (its interrelationships) and consequently, the more difficult to predict its behaviour. Information extinguishes variety, and the reduction of variety is one of the techniques of control, not because it simplifies the system to be controlled, but because it makes the system more predictable. Therefore, what is required the same amount of variety in the control mechanism as there is in the system being controlled. If one is to control a system, there must be as many actions available to the systems controller as there are states in the system.
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modes of value transmission
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modelingmoralizinglaissez-fairrewarding and punishingresponsible choices
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monica
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465 born in trenton nj
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77 What problems regarding communication can occur?
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!http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/77.png!
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autonomy definition
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right of self determinationprovides the information and support that families and patients need to make the decision that is right for them
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primary prevention
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promoting healthprevent development of disease processesEx: immunizations, family planning, teach self examination, seat belt safety
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101 List four mathematical methods used for optimizing.
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!http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/101.png!
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RN ethics
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uses Code of Ethicspreserve patient autonomy, dignity and rightsmaintains confidentialitypatient advocatetherapeutic nurse-patient relationshipcommitment to self-care, stress management and relationship with othersparticipates in ethical committeesreports illegal, impaired or incompetent practices
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nonmaleficence definition
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avoiding causing harmseeking not to inflict pain or harm
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75 On what five levels can communication be studied?
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!http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/75.png!
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Neuman Systems Model
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based on the individuals relationship to stress, the reaction to the stress, and the individual's ability to adapt to the stresscurriculum model of IUP nursing
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prizing (treasuring) definition
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when someone treasures something it incloves pride, happiness, and public affirmation
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moralizing definition
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based on an institutional set of values such as the church and it leaves little room for interpretation
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What is a system’s components?
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*Components*: The activities ("mission", "jobs") the system needs to do, to achieve the objectives.
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value definition
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set of beliefs that are meaningful in life and that influence relationships with otherspeople form values, not born with theminfluenced by environment, culture and family
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88 If you were hired as a “scanning manager” in an organization, what do you suppose your job would be? Write a job description for your new job.
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!http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/10011/Systemteori/cramberrybilder/88.png!
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standards of nursing practice
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guided by the Code for nursesmaintains confidentialityacts as a patient advocatedelivers non-judgmental care that's sensitive to diversityprotects patient autonomy, dignity, and rightsseeks resources to form ethical decisions
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86 What decides the intensity of scanning?/86 Vad bestämmer kraven på scannings intensitet?
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På organisationsnivå beror intensiteten och graden av sökning bl a på: *1.* Tillgängliga ekonomiska resurser i organisationen. *2.* Förhållandena som iakttas mellan organisationen och dess omgivning. *3.* Frekvensen och betydelsen av förändringar i omgivningens tillstånd.
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What is a synthesis?
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The opposite to analysis, you combine parts, make it to a whole and study it.
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34 Describe the potential benefit of systems thinking to managers.
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Den potentiella nyttan av systemtänkande för organisationsledaren är: 1. Det befriar ledaren från att se på uppdraget från en snäv funktionellvinkel, utan tvingar honom att identifiera andra undersystem som antingen är inputs eller outputs till systemet. Den här identifieringen av system och subsystem är absolut nödvändig eftersom samarbete är nödvändigt från segment som ligger långt ifrån den interna organisationens gränser. 2. Det låter ledaren att se sina mål relaterade till organisationens mål. Det är ledarens uppgift att inte bara sina egna mål, utan även hur dessa är integrerade med de mer övergripande mål som gör organisationen till ett system. 3. Det tillåter organisationen att strukturera subsystemen på ett sätt som överensstämmer med systemets mål (den kan ta fördel av specialisering inom systemet eller subsystemen) . Att se organisationen som ett system understryker det faktum att subsystemens mål måste vara uppbyggda på ett sådant sätt att de är kompatibla med det överliggande systemets mål. 4. Systemtänkande, att se organisationens effektivitet och måluppfyllelsemodellen kan ibland ligga i kontrast med varandra.
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64 Explain the difference between data and information!
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Data is unstructured, unevaluated facts given out by a computer, having little or no meaning. Information is data that have form, structure or organization.
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44 What kinds of feedback (positive, negative, feedforward) are used in connection with the first-, second- and third-order feedback system?
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*First-Order Feedback Systems* uses negative feedback. “In goal-directed systems which operate on the principle of negative feedback, the system is maintained by correcting deviations from the goal.” *Second-Order Feedback Systems* uses negative feedback? *Third-Order Feedback Systems* uses feedforward . “Required are not only _feedback_ systems that depict the present state of the organization but also a _feedforward_ system which provides information on the projected future state of the environment.”
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What does an analytical approach mean?
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With an analytical approach you break down the system into parts and study them, to understand the whole. The analyse complements with synthesize: "[...] the analyst then proceeds to put together (to synthesize) the various pieces previously broken down (analyzed)" p.7
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102 Explain the term Bounded Rationality.
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The concept of bounded rationality was first advanced to take into consideration human limitations and to counter the economic man concept that has proven untenable. Bounded rationality is purposely rational but only in a limited way. It dictates an efficient decision rather than an optimal one, by limiting the parameters that can enter into the decision-making situation. Meaning: Settling for the "good enough" under the circumstances.
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29 What is the difference between analogies and isomorphisms?
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*Isomorphic* - similar in strucure and relationships *Analogy* - similar in characteristics
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41 Define positive and negative feedback.
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Från föreläsning: *“Negativ feedback*: Deviation-counteracting mechanism. Maintain stability and control. *Positive Feedback:* Deviation amplifying mechanism (through the return of some of the outputs). Growth promoting devices.” *Från bok:* In negative feedback, subtraction takes place at the comparator. As a signal travels around the loop, its sign must be reversed, since to have a closed loop without a reversal of signs would make the system unusable. Thus, the reversal of signs is associated with negative feedback. Positive feedback systems utilize part of their output as inputs to the same system in such a way that they are, in fact, deviation-amplifying rather than deviation-counteracting systems. Positive feedback mechanisms are growth-promoting devices, while negative feedbacks are control-maintaining processes.
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61 Present a definition of System Analysis.
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From the beginning was system analysis described as a combination of techniques drawn from engineering and other disciplines. System analyses was then understood as an attempt to look at the total problem embedded in its environment, to investigate the systems objectives and the criteris for systems effevtivness and finally to evaluate the alternatives regariding costs and benefits. There are a lot of definitions to the term system analysis, according to authors are system analysis by far the most diversified and least unitary particularized approach to system thinking. Some argues that system analysis is part of system enigineering "the first step in system engineering is system analysis"
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96 How is the term effectiveness defined in the Systems-resource approach?
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It's defined in terms of inherent consistency (integration if system parts into a working whole) and of organizational congruence with the environment (utilization of environment for input-output processes)
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31 How does a system adjust to its environment in the short run? Give examples.
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Genom att ändra funktioner (inte strukturen) så kan ett system anpassa sig på kort sikt. Ex. Om priserna på olja stiger, ökar kraven från kunderna på bensinsnålare bilar.
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71 Explain/exemplify every part of the communication system!
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1. A message: written or verbal. 2. Transforms the message into a signal. 3. The encoded signal is sent over a channel. 4. The detector picks up the transmitted signal. 5. The signal is finally decoded into a message.
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What do we mean by systems thinking ?
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When you approach systems with a systems thinking, you need to look at it with a holistic view. The relations between the parts is more important than specific (isolated) parts. Opposed to analytical approach the systems thinking observes the system environment and it's impact on the system. The system is viewed as changeable. Systems thinking supplements rather than replaces the analytical approach.
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20 In what ways does General Systems Theory (GST) resemble and differ from other sciences?
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GST kan liknas med andra vetenskaper i den mening att den till grunden består av ett systematiskt sökande efter lag och ordning i universum. Men till skillnad från andra vetenskaper så lutar den åt att utöka sökandet till ett sökande efter ordning i ordningen , en lag över lagarna
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63 System Analysis is said to be an art form and a science at the same time. Do you agree? Why or why not?
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Hm, detta är inte diskuterat i boken utan ett öppet svar.
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45 What is stated in the Law of Requisite Variety by Ashby?
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The larger the variety of actions available to a control system, the larger the variety of perturbations it is able to compensate. _“Only variety can destroy variety.”_ - *Ashby*
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