| Terms |
Definitions |
|
Holometabolous
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Complete metamorphosis
|
|
first-level/primary consumers
|
herbivores
|
|
Homologous traits
|
Common ancestor
|
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MIB
|
Men In Black
|
|
Anaerobic
|
No free oxygen
|
|
Homeotherms
|
Maintain constant temperature independent of the environment (endothermy) - birds and mammals
|
|
Refugia
|
Area free from predation
|
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Skin
|
21 square feetvariable contact
|
|
analogous traits
|
no common ancestor
|
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parthenogenesis
|
Producing offspring without fertilization
|
|
Viruses
|
"Software" looking for compatible "hardware;" genomes RNA or DNA; exchange genetic material
|
|
theory
|
widely accepted explanation. because of many experiments proving something
|
|
Asbestos?
|
Lung cancer, Restrictive Lung Disease
|
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Globalization
|
the increasing interconnectedness of people and places throughout the world through converging processes of economic, political, and cultural change
|
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sexual selection
|
Intrasexual (competition for opportunity to mate) and intersexual (different attractiveness of individuals of one sex to another)
|
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ramet
|
Individuals produced asexually from the genet
|
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biome
|
categories of biological communities based on their dominant plant forms
|
|
heterotherm
|
Body temperature sometimes constant, sometimes variable (bats, hummingbirds, bees)
|
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Edge species
|
Species that inhabit ecotones
|
|
nx
|
number of individuals from the original cohort alive at time x
|
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Species
|
Populations of individuals who have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
|
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Resistance
|
Magnitude of perturbation required to move a system from its original state
|
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Mineralization
|
release of organically bound nutrients into an inorganic form
|
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Overshoot
|
surpassing the Earth's capacity to sustainably support the pop.
|
|
geo metric pop growth
|
slowly growing population\
|
|
Which pollutant is a secondary pollutant?
|
Ozone
|
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Universalists
|
Maintain that there exist objective notions of right and wrong that hold across cultures and situations
|
|
Sex ratio
|
proportion of males to females
|
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torpor
|
Dropping of body temperature (lowering metabolic rate) each day regardless of season
|
|
density independent
|
Population effects that are independent of population density – usually abiotic factors (e.g., weather)
|
|
anaerobic respiration
|
Oxidation of molecules (primarily glucose) in the absence of oxygen (a.k.a. fermentation)
C6H12O6 .. 2C3H6O3 + ATP
|
|
lignin
|
Class of large, intricately folded into 3-dimensional structures that shield the internal tissues from attack by enzymes and provide structural support in plants; difficult to break down
|
|
light reaction
|
Chlorophyll molecule traps short wavelength solar radiation
|
|
poikilotherms
|
Body temperature varies depending on the environment (ectothermy) – fish, amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates)
|
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Herbivore
|
Organism that feeds on plant tissues
|
|
Semelparous
|
Single reproductive effort followed by death
|
|
Turbulent flow
|
Flow characterized by chaotic, stochastic
property changes
|
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Hypothesis
|
A proposed explanation for a phenomenon
|
|
Mesophyll
|
Specialized tissue located between the epidermal layers of a leaf where CO2 is fixed
|
|
Homeostasis
|
Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in a
varying external environment
• Negative (counteracts process) and positive (accelerates
process) feedback
• Maintained by voluntary and involuntary nervous systems
|
|
Condition wherein toxins accumulate up the food chain
|
Biomagnification
|
|
Population growth regulation factor wherein effects are stronger as populations get denser. Ex: predator-prey relations, territoriality stress and crowding.
|
Density-dependent factors
|
|
Source populations
|
Populations that occupy and disperse away from high quality habitat patches
|
|
Generalists
|
Adapted to a wide variety of conditions, "jack of all trades"
|
|
Evolution
|
Change in gene frequency over time resulting from natural selection and producing cumulative changes in characteristics of a population (genetic variation + selection pressure = evolution)
|
|
Renewable
|
Can be replenished over time - sunlight, wind , wave energy, water, soil
|
|
population density
|
number of individuals within a population per unit area\
|
|
maximum intrinscic growth rate
|
maximum ustainable growth rate
|
|
What does CPBR do?
|
–Challenge to “expert-driven” scientific research that is not sufficient and full or uncertainty.–Communities speak for themselves in research and decision-making–Have local expertise-experience, contextual and local knowledge–Primary focus is to produce research that can be used for locally relevant action-oriented solutions
|
|
Natural sciences
|
disciple that studies the natural world
|
|
Gifford Pinchot
|
founded U.S. Forest Service; opposed deforestation; closely associated with conservation ethic
|
|
Desertification
|
the spread of desert conditions into semiarid areas owing to improper management of the land
|
|
Henry the Navigator
|
began the age of exploration
|
|
Mercator projection
|
The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection. It became the standard map projection for nautical purposes because of its ability to represent lines of constant course as straight segments. The linear scale is constant in all directions around any point, preserving the angles and the shapes of small objects (makeing the projection conformal), it distorts the size and shape of large objects.
|
|
top-down control
|
Population levels controlled by the trophic level above them (e.g., predation)
|
|
bycatch
|
Species other than those targeted that are unintentionally caught during fishing
|
|
edge effect
|
Borders (ecotones) often have very high diversity
|
|
genetic bottleneck
|
Evolutionary event in which a significant portion of the population is killed or prevented from reproducing, resulting in reduced genetic diversity within the population
|
|
stable age distribution
|
Unchanging proportion of individuals in each age class
|
|
soil characteristics
|
Soil texture – Proportion of various sized particles (gravel, sand, silt, clay)
Soil depth – Influences depth of roots and soil-dwelling organisms
Moisture-holding capacity – How much water is retained and for how long
Saturation – Moisture level greater than the pore space can hold
Field capacity – Moisture level where water fills all pore spaces
Wilting point – Moisture level at which plants cannot extract water
|
|
Food chain
|
Representation of the passage of energy and nutrients from a
primary producer through a series of consumers at higher trophic
levels
|
|
Circadian rhythm
|
Endogenous rhythm of physiological or behavioral activity of
approximately 24-hour duration
|
|
Eusociality
|
• Adults live in groups
• Overlapping generations (parents and offspring live together)
• Cooperation in nest building and brood care
• Reproductive dominance by one or a few individuals (castes)
|
|
Pisaster
|
The long tern study of this species(starfish) lead to the identification of the theory of keystone predator, where a species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment relative to its abundance, it was found that an area that was dominated by pisaster when removed was then dominated by it prey (mussels)
|
|
Part of critical limiting factors wherein species within a community are using up resource reserves.
|
Stress zone
|
|
Sunfleck
|
Peaks of light that make their way through the forest canopy to the forest floor
|
|
Acclimation
|
Change in physiology or form of an organism in response to changes in environmental conditions
|
|
West Nile Virus
|
Mosquito vector; bird reservoir hosts; human and horses dead end hosts, First major outbreak of arbovirus in the U.S. in over 200 years, Vectored by Culex mosquitoes, Rapid spread across continent typical of invading organisms (competitive release), subsequent decline in incidence (coevolution?), Variation in susceptibility within human host populations, Extremely broad (>200 vertebrate species) host range (reservoir hosts and dead end hosts)
|
|
Secondary producers/ heterotrophs
|
Organisms that derive their energy from consuming plant or animal tissues (herbivores, carnivores omnivores, parasites)
|
|
Cohort
|
Group of individuals born in the same time period
|
|
pollution
|
release of matter or energy into the environment that causes negative unwanted impats on health of life
|
|
best first principle
|
use best rescources first (Violating principals of stanibility #1)\
|
|
What is this:"Environmental Justice is thefair treatmentand meaningful involvement of all peopleregardless of race, color, national origin, orincome with respect to thedevelopment,implementation, and enforcement of
|
Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) definition 2002
|
|
Matter
|
all material in the universe that has mass and occupies space
|
|
Renewable natural resources
|
natural resources that are replenished over short periods
|
|
Industrial revolution
|
Shift from rural life, animal powered agriculture, and manufacturing by craftsmen to an urban society powered by nonrenewable energy sources like oil, coal and natural gas (2nd phenomena that triggered pop increase)
|
|
Universalizing religion
|
a religion, usually with an active missionary program, that appeals to a large group of people regardless of local culture and conditions. Christianity and Islam both have strong universalizing components
|
|
vicariance biogeography
|
Distribution of species is a function of geological changes in the earth’s history
|
|
adaptive radiation
|
Evolution from a common ancestor of divergent forms adapted to distinct ways of life (e.g., Geospiza finches of the Galapagos)
|
|
microclimate
|
Climate on a very local scale; most organisms live in microclimates
|
|
meniscus
|
Curve in the surface of a molecular substance in a container (water is concave meniscus – e.g., water molecules attract those of the container)
|
|
Standing crop biomass
|
The amount of accumulated organic matter found in an area at a
given time (g/m2)
|
|
Resilience
|
Speed with which system moves back to its original state
|
|
Degree-day index
|
Sum of the departures in temperature above some minimum base
temperature
|
|
What is allometry?
|
The relationship between size and shape
|
|
conspicuous pattern
|
The tendency for the species to composition of smaller faunas to be subsets of larger faunas, this pattern has been attributed to selective immigration (birds) or selective extinction (mammals)
|
|
Intensive during the 1800s, whales and seals slaughtered for furs and oil forests, NE leveled w/in a few generations. Near from 30-60 million Bison population to near extinction.
|
Resource extraction
|
|
Stable limit cycles
|
Cyclical rise and fall in population; tends to occur in simple environments
|
|
Crude birth rate
|
Number of births per unit time (typically a year) divided by the estimated population size × 1000 (for convenience, only females are considered)
|
|
Aerobic respiration
|
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O + ATP
|
|
enviromental resistance
|
stabilizes the pop size to it's caring capicity
|
|
What big thing happened in Japan? Everything about it.
|
MinamataBay, mercury release–Release of Mercury from Chiso(fertilizer/plastics) plant into bay causing contamination of fish-–Many of the fishing population affected
|
|
Dependent variable
|
a variable that depends on the outcome of the independent variable
|
|
Overurbanization
|
a process in which the rapid growth of a city, most often because of immigration, exceeds the cityâs ability to provide jobs, housing, water, sewers, and transportation
|
|
indirect and diffuse interactions
|
e.g., Lyme disease, ticks, lizards, and you
|
|
Gross primary productivity
|
Energy fixed per unit area by photosynthetic activity of plants
before respiration; total energy flow at secondary level is not gross
production, but rather assimilation because consumers use material
already produced with respiratory losses
Gross primary productivity = Net primary productivity +
Respiration
|
|
Individualistic concept of community
|
Idea that communities are continuous variables in a constantly
changing environment; associations of species arise only from
similarities in requirements and coevolution and mutualism don’t
bind the community
|
|
Phenotypic Plasticity
|
A way to achieve a level of specialization & cope with variable environment through adopting alternative morphologies &/or behavior in response to environmental cues
|
|
Gene pool
|
The sum of all the genes of all individuals in a population
|
|
less developed nations
|
gdp less than 1000$ poor health and education
|
|
How many accident related deaths are there in China anually?
|
•90,000 accident deaths/ year•12/100,000 per year
|
|
Rate of natural increase
|
the standard statistic used to express natural population growth per year for a country, region, or the world based upon the difference between birth and death rates. RNI does not consider population change from migration
|
|
leaf area index
|
Area of leaves per unit ground area (m2 leaf area/m2 ground area)
|
|
Atmospheric/air pressure
|
Amount of force exerted by a column of air due to gravity
|
|
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
|
Visible light part of the spectrum (400-700 nm)
|
|
What factors affect population size?
|
Increase: natality (birth rate) and immigration of new species. Decrease: mortality(death rate) and emigration
|
|
What is a host?
|
Host:an animal or person in whom the disease presides (lives)
|
|
Law of conservation of matter
|
matter may be transformed from one type of substance into others, but it cannot be created or destroyed
|
|
Gross reproductive rate
|
The sum of bx values across all age classes
|
|
What is genetic erosion?
|
Scientist do not make the genes, they simply recombine genes they will find they find in nature and it is this supply of genes that is now so endangered
|
|
How many disease and accidents deaths are there per year in China?
|
•400,000 disease & accident deaths per year•54/100,000 per year
|
|
How Al Gore categorize global climate change in military analogs?
|
local skirmishes: water & air pollution, waste dumping, habitat destruction
regional battles: acid rain, oil spills, aquifers
strategic conflict: chlorine in atmosphere, global warming
|
|
What are the two primary effects of fragmentation?
|
Alteration of microclimate within the area
Isolation of each area from other remnants
|
|
What phenomenon was observed in nested faunas?
|
The faunas of habitat islands are made up of non-random subset of the total available species pool, despite deivation between birds & mammals, mammals are relicts isolated since Pleistocene while birds experience recurrent colonization, the nested subset model is a tool for interpreting patterns of extinction U& survival in habitat islands
|
|
What is a Sere and what influences the character of them?
|
A series of stages of community change in a particular area leading towards a stable state, The intensity and extent of disturbance influence the character of a sere,for example predators and herbivores may interact with the patch size because behavior of consumer is sensitive to patch size or consumers require the cover of intact habitat
|
|
Scalper
|
See Local.
|
|
Sensitivity
|
See Factor Loading.
|
|
Reported Earnings
|
See Accounting Earnings.
|
|
Restricted Stock
|
See Letter Stock.
|
|
Offer Price
|
See Asked Price.
|
|
Overvalued Security
|
See Overpriced Security.
|
|
Perfectly negatively correlated securities have a value of ____
|
-1
|
|
Security Selection
|
See Portfolio Construction.
|
|
Registered Representative
|
See Account Executive.
|
|
No-Growth Model
|
See Zero-Growth Model.
|
|
Passive Management
|
See Passive Investment System.
|
|
Value Line uses ___
|
geometric average
|
|
Div payout ratio
|
Div paid/(Book value/share)
|
|
Savings
|
Foregone consumption. Also, the difference between current income and current consumption.
|
|
Right
|
An option issued to existing shareholders that permits then to buy a specified number of new shares at a designated subscription price. For each shareholder this number is proportional to the number of existing shares currently owned by the shareholder.
|
|
General Obligation bonds are generally considered the safest type of municipal credit. T/F
|
T
|
|
Portfolios that lie beneath the frontier are ____...ones that lie above the frontier are _____
|
inefficient
unattainable
|
|
When selling shares, selling specific shares allow the investor to ____ gain, _____ gain or _______ loss
|
maximize
neutralize
maxmize
|
|
Which bond faces greatest reinvesment risk?
|
GNMA
|
|
Risk
|
The uncertainty associated with the end-of-period value of an investment.
|
|
Premium
|
The price of an option contract.
|
|
debentures
|
unsecured bonds issued by a corporation
|
|
Crash
|
a situation where market prices collapse significantly and suddenly
|
|
Leading Indicators
|
Economic variables that have been found to signal future changes in the economy.
|
|
Selling Group
|
A group of investment banking organizations that, as part of a security un derwriting, are responsible for selling the security.
|
|
Portfolio Revision
|
A component of the investment process, involving periodically repeating the process of setting investment policy, conducting security analysis, and constructing a portfolio.
|
|
Put-Call Parity
|
The relationship between the market price of a put and a call that have the same exercise price, expiration date, and underlying stock.
|
|
Money market.
|
Fixed income securities that are short term, highly marketable, and generally very low risk.
|
|
Futures contracts _____ the holder to make or take delivery of the underlying asset
|
obligates
|
|
Coeff of variation CV
|
CV = std dev/Mean
|
|
Mortgage REITs can only invest in long-term mortgages. T/F
|
F
|
|
Taxable eq yield
|
Tax exempt yield/1-marginal tax rate
|
|
Regional Brokerage Firm
|
An organization offering brokerage services that specializes in trading the securities of companies located in a particular region of the country.
|
|
Promised Yield-to-Maturity
|
The yield-to-maturity on a bond calculated on the assumption that all promised cash flows are received on a full and timely basis.
|
|
Money Market Deposit
|
A short-term fixed income security.
|
|
Organized Exchange
|
A central physical location where trading of securities is done under a set of rules and regulations.
|
|
Portfolio Insurance
|
An investment strategy designed to earn a minimum rate of return while allowing the investor to benefit substantially from the positive returns generated by an investment in a risky portfolio.
|
|
Peak
|
culmination of a bull market when prices stop rising and begin declining
|
|
Industry
|
a set of businesses producing similar products used by customers for similar purposes
|
|
Weak-Form Efficient
|
Market which the information reflected in past prices and volume figures is of no value in beating the maket
|
|
Beta Coefficient
|
Measure of the relative systematic risk of an asset. Assets with batas larger (maller)than 1 have more (less) systematic risk than average
|
|
What two accounts would be affected when recording cash interest recieved from an investment?
|
CashInvestment Revenue
|
|
Market Capitalization
|
The aggregate market value of a security, equal to the market price per unit of the security multiplied by the total number of outstanding units of the security.
|
|
Preemptive Rights
|
When a corporation plans an issuance of new common shares, the right of existing shareholders to purchase the new shares in proportion to the number of shares that they currently own.
|
|
Market Order
|
A trading order that instructs the broker to buy or sell a security immediately at the best obtainable price.
|
|
Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC)
|
A quasigovernmental agency that insures the accounts of brokerage firms against loss owing to any of the firms' failure.
|
|
How to calculate interest payment?
|
face value * r
|
|
Security market line contrasts ____ and _____
|
rate of return
beta
|
|
If an investor is risk seeking, they will have a relatively ____ indifference curve
|
flat
|
|
Effective rate is
|
rate of interest determined by
bond price
coupon rate
time between int payments
time til maturity
|
|
A positive alpha value, such as 1.0, means that the fund or portfolio outperformed the market by _____
|
1%
|
|
A put is contract that gives the holder right to ___ a specific # of shares.
|
Sell
|
|
intersection of CML and SML ?
|
risk free return
|
|
Registration Statement
|
A document filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission prior to initiating a public security offering.
|
|
Real Investment
|
An investment involving some kind of tangible asset, such as land, equipment, or buildings.
|
|
Median
|
The outcome of a random variable where there is an equal probability of observing a value greater or less than it.
|
|
Discount
|
bond selling at a price below par value because it’s YTM is above its coupon rate
|
|
Operating leverage
|
the use of fixed-production costs in the firm’s operating cost structure…the effect of fixed costs is to magnify the effect of a change in sales on operating profits
|
|
Monetary Policy
|
the use of Federal Reserve Board’s power to affect the money supply and aggregate economic activity
|
|
Expectations theory
|
the term structure of interest rates is a reflection of financial markets beliefs regarding future interest rates
|
|
covertible bonds
|
bonds that holders can exchange for common stock according to a prespecified conversion ratio
|
|
"Beating The Market
|
consistently earning a positive excess return
|
|
Efficient Porfolio
|
A portfolio that offers the highest return for its level of risk
|
|
fixed-income
|
gaining or yielding a more or less uniform rate of income.
|
|
Consolidation Method
|
Is used when an investor owns more than 50% of the voting stock of the investee. Combines the financial statements of the two companies as if they were a single entity.
|
|
Private Placement
|
The direct sale of a newly issued security to a small number of institutional or high networth investors.
|
|
Long Hedger
|
A hedger who offsets risk by buying futures contracts.
|
|
Margin Call
|
A demand upon an investor by a brokerage firm to increase the equity in the investor's margin account. The margin call is initiated when the investor's actual margin falls below the maintenance margin requirement.
|
|
Market Segmentation Theory
|
An explanation of the term structure of interest rates. It holds that various investors and borrowers are restricted by law, preference, or custom to certain maturity ranges. Spot rates in each market segment are determined by supply and demand conditions there.
|
|
Maturity Date
|
The date upon which a bond issuer promises to repay investors the principal of the bond.
|
|
Rights Offering
|
The sale of new stock conducted by offering the stock to existing share holders in proportion to the number of shares owned by each shareholder.
|
|
Settle (or Settlement) Price
|
The representative price for a futures contract determined during the closing period of the futures exchange.
|
|
Repo Rate
|
The rate of interest involved in a repurchase agreement.
|
|
What is an investment?
|
An investment is the current commitment of money or other resources in the expectation of reaping future benefits.
|
|
A $1000 par corporate bond quoted at 90 is selling at a discount/premium of ____ points ($100) from par.
|
discount
10 points
|
|
Generally, the most significant factor in raising one company's ROE above another company's is the _______
|
greater use of debt
|
|
¶Settlement Date
|
The date after a security has been traded on which the buyer must deliver cash to the seller and the seller must deliver the security to the buyer.
|
|
National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD)
|
A self-regulatory agency that establishes rules and regulations and monitors the activities of brokers and dealers in the over-the-counter market.
|
|
Net Asset Value
|
The market value of an investment company's assets, less any liabilities, divided by the number of shares outstanding.
|
|
Long Hedger
|
A hedger who offsets risk by buying futures contracts.
|
|
Local (alternatively, Scalper)
|
A member of an organized futures exchange who trades for his or her own account and has a very short holding period.
|
|
Over-the-Counter Market (OTC Market)
|
A secondary market for securities distinct from an organized security exchange.
|
|
National Market System (NASDAQ/NMS)
|
A segment of the over-the-counter market composed of issues with relatively large trading volumes. More detailed trading information is provided on stocks included in NASDAQ/NMS than on other over-the-counter stocks.
|
|
Replacement Cost Accounting
|
The use of estimated replacement costs instead of historical book-value costs when calculating corporate earnings.
|
|
Rising trend channel
|
range defined by security prices as they move progressively higher
|
|
Duration
|
a composite measure of the timing of a bond’s cash flow characteristics taking into consideration its coupon and term to maturity
|
|
Discount rate
|
the interest rate at which banks can borrow from the Federal Reserve
|
|
The Gamblers fallacy
|
Assumption that a departure from what occures on average, or in the long rund, will be corrected in the short run
|
|
Treasury yield curve
|
a graph of treasure yields plotted against maturities
|
|
the correlation coefficient definition
|
measures correlatoin from -1 to +1
|
|
Held to maturity investments
|
Debt securities for which the investor has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity
|
|
Modified Duration
|
The duration of a bond divided by the quantity I plus the bond's yield. For a 1% change in yields, it measures the percentage change (in the opposite direc tion) of the bond's price.
|
|
Bond A has a lower coupon than Bond B. Bond A will be more volatile. T or F
|
T
|
|
The date of record for the corp is the ____ business day after the ex div date
|
2nd
|
|
Price Impact
|
The effect on the price of a security resulting from a trade in that security. Price impact is the result of several factors, including size of the trade, demand for immediate liquidity, and presumed information of the individual or organization placing the order.
|
|
Low-Load Fund
|
A mutual fund that has a small load charge, usually 3.5% or less.
|
|
Mortgage Bond
|
A bond that is secured by the pledge of specific property. In the event of de-fault, bondholders are entitled to obtain the property in question and to sell it to satisfy their claims on the issuer.
|
|
Effective yield to maturity
|
one of the conventions for quoting yield to maturity for bonds that pay semi-annual coupons…if you provide effective yield to maturity, you compound the bond’s semi-annual rate of return
|
|
Excess Return
|
a return in excess of that earned by other invesments having the same risk
|
|
Positive Correlation
|
is the extent to which the returns on two assets move together
|
|
Passive Investment System (alternatively, Passive Management)
|
The process of buying and holding a well-diversified portfolio.
|
|
What is the return motivation for investment?
|
gain through interest, dividends, capital gain i.e. price increase.
|
|
Dollar weighted return is the same as
|
IRR internal rate of return
|
|
What is the definition of instrinsic value of a stock
|
discounted value of future dividends
|
|
Round Lot
|
An amount of stock that is equal to a standard unit of trading, generally 100 shares or a multiple of 100 shares.
|
|
NYSE Circuit Breakers
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As a result of the 1987 crash, there was the introduction of NYSE circuit breakers-Rules that kick in to slow or stop trading when the DIJA declines by more than a present ammount in a trading session
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How is an available-for-sale security reported?
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Fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in shareholders' equity.
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Opening Price (alternatively, Open)
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The price at which the first trade of the day took place in a particular stock.
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what is held to maturity security?
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a security that company will held till maturity date.
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An indifference curve represents _____
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how much return an investor needs to take on risk.
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Out of the Money
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In the case of a call option, an option whose exercise price is greater than the market price of its underlying asset. In the case of a put option, an option whose exercise price is less than the market price of its underlying asset.
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Fully taxable equivalent yield (FTEY)
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a yield on a tax-exempt bond that adjusts for its tax benefits to allow comparisons with taxable bonds
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Principal (alternatively, Face Value or Par Value of Bond)
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The nominal value of a bond that is promised to be repaid to bondholders at the maturity date.
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CATs and TIGRS are an obligation of
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the brokerage firm that issued them. (not Fed govt)
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Realized Capital Gain (or Loss)
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A capital gain (or loss) on an asset that is recognized, for tax purposes, through the sale or exchange of the asset.
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In the amortization schedule for discount/premium notes receivables, the discount/ premium amortized will be at the increasing rate at ____
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at the rate of market rate i.e. the next one/the previous one = i
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If the market risk premium were to increase, the value of common stock (everything else being equal) would
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Decrease in order to compensate the investor for increased risk
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Calc gain or loss on option
St
O
P
S
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St Stock gain or loss
O Options gain or loss
P Premium paid or rec
S Shares Controlled or Owned
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How does i=r, i<r, i>r affect to the borrowed amount?i=market rate, r=coupon rate
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(i) i=r, proceed = face value(2) i<r, proceed > face value(3) i>r, proceed < face value=> (2) at premium,=> (3) at discount
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