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Definitions |
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Sahara
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11
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Sierra Madre
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7
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Ural Mountains
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8
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Andes Mountains
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2
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Clay
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less than 0.002 mm
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Plankton
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microscopic plants/animals, phyto = plant, zoo = animal
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Sand
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0.05 mm - 2.0 mm
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EF Climates
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Ice CapLocations: Greenland, Antarctica1. Frozen all year. 2. Little moisture, but what falls remains. 3. -127 degrees F at Vostok, Antarctica
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Salinization
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soil-forming process that occurs in poor drainage areas like streams, valleys, and low-lying areas
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Continental Crust
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forms major landmasses, granitic composition
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The Greek philosopher who classified climates into three zones
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Aristotle
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Ecotone
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transition area between two adjacent but different plant communities
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Climate Controls
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Temperature and percipitation affect climate.
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Characteristics of Sprawl
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• Low-density residential and commercial settlements• Leapfrog development• Fragmentation of political power• Dominance of transportation by cars• No centralized planning or control of land-uses• Widespread strip commercial development• Great fiscal disparities among localities• Segregation of types of land uses in different zones• Reliance mainly on the trickle-down or filtering process to provide housing to low-income households
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When did Lagos, Nigeria formally annexed as a British colony?
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1861
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According to the Simplified Koppen System, areas where trees cannot survive, the land is an ice sheet, and there is no month average temperature over zero degrees Celcius are known as what type of climate?
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Polar Area
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Grassland Biome
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initial form in plant succession, vegetation dominated by grass
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Mollisols
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soils present in grasslands, are good for agriculture
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Calcification
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soil forming process that occurs in warm, semi-arid environments, usually under grassland vegetation
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Podzolization
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soil forming process that occurs in high middle latitudes that have a moist climate, short cool summers and long sever winters
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Aquifer
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A permeable subsurface rock layer that can store, transmit, and supply water.
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When was Moscow liberated from the Mongols?
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1480
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This is the Earth’s most complex biome in terms of both structure and species.
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Tropical Rainforest
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Asthenosphere
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Soft space in upper mantle below the lithosphere
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B Horizon
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collection of materials removed from A and E Horizons by leaching
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O Horizon
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organic top layer of soil that contains decomposing organisms
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Aquiclude
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An impermeable rock layer that is so dense as to exclude water.
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Dew Point
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Also known as dew point temperature. Is the temp. at which air has to cool until you get 100% humidity and condensation begins to occur.
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How old is Lake Baykal?
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20-50 million years old.
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Who owns 2/3rds of the Diamond trade?
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De Beers
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Formation of lands, Sea water lowering to create more land, removal of land to make water ways will do what?
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Affect Climate Change
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Porosity
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a measure of the void spaces in a material, amount of space for water storage in soil
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This land mass has dry summers, mild moist winter with a seasonality of precipitation and abundant sunshine?
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Meditteranean Climate
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Orographic Lifting
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Air moves along and encounters a mt. range, air is forced to go up before it can descend down the back (if it is a substantial mt range). As air moves up, can have percipitation. As airm moves down, air warms up and relative humidity decreases.
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What is the largest city in Russia and Europe?
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Moscow
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What is the worlds deepest lake?
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Lake Baykal, 1615 meters.
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What does USSR stand for?
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
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One ton of this will do 25x the impact of carbon dioxide
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Methane
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Dry Rate
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Air cools one degree C for every 100 meters in elevation.
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What was the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988-1994)
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Source off conflict:The Armenian enclave in southwestern Azerbaijan.
Sides: The predominantly ethnic Armenians off Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia against Azerbaijan.
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What is special about Saudi Arabia?
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Saudi Arabia’s official religion, and all Saudis are required by law to be Muslims. The government prohibits the public practice of any religions other than Islam and restricts the
religious practices of both the Shiite and Sufi Muslim minority sects. Although the government recognizes the right of non-Muslims to worship in private, it does not always respect this right in practice.
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What is the Georgian Conflict?
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Ethnic minorities in Georgia including the Ossetians and the Abkhaz demanded fuller recognition.
Georgia used military response in order to handle it but Russia intervened when they saw that they were going to attack pro Russian territory. USA was not pleased with Russia.
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What weather occurs with the approach and passage of a mid-latitude cyclone?
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Stormy weather, LP, converging ascending clockwise moving winds.
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Causes of Sprawl FAILURE OF REGIONAL PLANNING
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With fragmented metropolitan governance, regional planning is difficult to implement. Also, regional planning often is focused on promoting, not controlling, metropolitan expansion.
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Who is Boris Yeltsin?
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1990 he became the president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
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What are some important facts about Qatar?
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Outstanding economic boom supported by its expanding production of natural gas and oil. Oil and gas account for more than 60% of GDP, roughly 85% of export earnings, and 70% of government revenues.
Oil and gas have made Qatar the highest per-capita income country and one of the world's fastest growing.
Qatar's proved reserves of natural gas are roughly about 15% of the world total and third largest in the world.
GDP - per capita (PPP): $87,600 (2007 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 8.4% (2007 est.)
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What was the Armenian genocide?
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The Ottoman empire killed millions of Armenian people just after WWI
Turkey still does not acknowledged the occurrence.
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What is the Kimberly Process (2003)?
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a certification system for monitoring diamonds’ origin from the mine, up until it reaches the hands of the distributors.
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The Soviet regime attacked the traditional cultures of Central Asia in what two ways?
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1st level: direct.
– war, famine, purges, the arrest of
kulaks, the closure of mosques and
by collectivization
• 2nd level: indirect
– Schooling and propaganda
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What cultural practices came back to Central Asia once the Soviet Union was out of the picture?
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– bride snatching.
– Increasing power of aqsaqal (white beards)
– Islamicization in Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan and more superficial observance of the faith in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
– Trips to Mecca by elites (Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan)
– Swearing oath on a Koran (Karimov)
– Making Islamic holidays as state holidays (not in Kazakhstan)
– Increasing role of Saudi Arabia
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What are the characteristics of various kinds of fog?
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Radiation fog (Valley, tule): Earth is radiating heat. Meets cooler air, forms fog. Advention fog: Warm air moves over a cold surface (sea to land). Evaporation fog: Cold air comes into contact with warm water. Mid lat; Fall. Inversion Fog: Warm air above cold, moist air. Mid lat; Winter.
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Causes of Sprawl COMPETITION FOR TAX REVENUES
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Local governments may feel they cannot encourage quality developments.
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When did Africa become independent?
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1950's, Ghana was the first to become independent in 1957
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What happened in Central Asia in 1916?
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A major anti-Russian rebellion is repressed.
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What is the most populous country in Middle East/North Africa? What is the least?
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Most: Egypt 81,713,520
Least: Western Sahara 393,831
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What is a civil society?
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involves the presence of a network of voluntary organizations, business organizations, pressure groups, and cultural traditions that operate independently of the state and its political institutions.
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Where is St. Petersburg?
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Near the Gulf of Finland, it is North East and is outside the core region but is considered an extension.
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What are the important achievements in the space race?
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Oct 1957. The Soviets launches Sputnik, first artificial satellite.
Feb 1958. The US launches Explorer I.
Apr 1961. Soviet sends first human in space. Yuri Gagarin
23 days later, Alan Shepard is sent to space from the United States
American Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the lunar surface on July 21, 1969.
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What is the background of the Rwanda Genocide?
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• Started in 1994.
• Ethnic tension between the majority Hutu and minority (powerful) Tutsi.
• Colonial Legacy.
– Colonial Power: Belgium
– Preference of Tutsis over Hutus.
– Rapid withdrawal of the colonial power in 1962.
Catalyst: On April 6, 1994, the airplane carrying Rwandan President Habyamira, and the Hutu president of Burundi Ntaryamira, was shot down.
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What two natural sites are in Moscow?
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– Center of Russian Plain
– Moskva River
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What cities are in the Central Region of Russia?
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Centered around MOSCOW it also includes, Kostroma, Kalinin, Ivanovo, Dzerzhinsk, Yaroslavl', Suzdal, Vladimir, Tver, Smolensk, Serpukhov, Ryazan, Kaluga, Tula, Bryansk and Orel.
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What are the five major basins in Africa?
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Djouf Basin (Western) Chad Basin (North Western) Sudan Basin (North Eastern) Congo Basin (equatorial) and Kalahari Basin (Southern)
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What are the belief differences between the Shia's and the Sunnis?
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Sunnis believe that Abu Bakr, a close companion of the Prophet as the next caliph (leader) of the Muslims and he was duly appointed.
Shia Muslims believe that the Prophet's son-in-law, Ali, was chosen by the God to be his successor.
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Solutions to Stop Sprawl CREATE A SENSE OF PLACE
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More compact and mixed land use development (housing areas are not isolated from work and shopping); a strong pedestrian orientation: active civic and community life; more public transit; and higher housing densities
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What two continents is Russia located?
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North Asia and the part west of the Urals is considered part of Europe.
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What are the three important events of Kyrgyzstan?
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• 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was established as a full republic of the Soviet Union.
• 1991. Gained independence from the Soviet Union
• 2005. Tulip Revolution. President Askar Akayev resigns.
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