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Definitions |
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ad
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toward
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neur/o
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nerve
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Calc/o
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calcium
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Posterior Pituitary
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Oxytocin
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oxy
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quick; oxytocin
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adrenal/o
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adrenal glands
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glycos/o
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sugar, sweetness
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luteinizing hormone
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LH.
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Adrenal Cortex
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ACTH regulates
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RAIU
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Radioactive Iodine Uptake
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OXT
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-oxytocin-stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth-posterior pituitary lobe hormone
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blood
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How are hormones transported?
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secretes parathyroid hormone
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chief cells
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ICSH
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Intertitial Cell Stimulating Hormonefound: pituitary gland, anterior lobe
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cortical
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pertaining to the cortex
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PTH raises
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plasma Ca2+ concentration
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Thyroid Gland Hormones
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-Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine)(T4)-Triiodothyronine(T3)-Calcitonin
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endoplasmic reticulum
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Ca2+ comes from where?
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hyperglycemia
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excess glucose in the blood
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Corticosteroids
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steroids produced by adrenal cortex
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Chalone
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a molecule that when low signals mitosis and allows liver tissue to regenerate.
chalone levels drop when liver tissues dies
maintaining a normal level of this will keep you healthy
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tumor of Parafolicular cells
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medullary carcinoma???
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Glucosuria
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Glucose (sugar) in the urine.
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Ductless glandsSecrete directly into blood flow (1 answer)
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Hormones
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Glycoproteins
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Peptides with carbohydrate group
Ex. Anterior pituitary hormones, erthroprotein
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Hyperthyroidism
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-aka thyrotoxicosis-increase in the secretions of the thyroid-weightloss, nervousness, sweating
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tyrosine
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a crystalline amino acid, HOC6H4CH2CH(NH2)COOH, abundant in ripe cheese, that acts as a precursor of norepinephrine and dopamine.
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adipose cells
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What converts glucose to fat?
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Hypophysectomy
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NURSING: -Low Fowler's, -No bending, -Check urine output, -Hormone replacement for life; TREANSPHENOIDAL APPROACH: -Observe for CSF leak (glucose), -Administer antibiotics to prevent meningitis, -No teeth brushing until sutures removed
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pituitary gland
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-hypophysis-pea-size gland located in a depression of the sphenoid bone-located under the hypothalamus by the infundibulum-anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)-posterior pituitary(neurohypophysis)
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Ovaries
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Produce ova; release estrogens and progesterone.
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Gonadtropic Hormones
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anterior pituitary gland; regulate hormonal activity of testes and ovaries; includes follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
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kidneys
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filter 1 liter of blood/minute
most just passes through, and is returned to blood-very little is excreted.
acts as blood filter
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cortical
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Pertaining to or resembling a cortex.
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hormone
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chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland
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production of an insufficient amount of secretion
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hyposecretion
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________ are derived from the precursor arachidonic acid.
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eicosanoids
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5'--monodeiodase is found primarily here
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peripheral tissues
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Glucagon
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- increases blood sugar
- increase rate of sugar break down and production by liver
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Penialectomy
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surgical remove of the pineal gland
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Neural
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gland controlled by neuronsmedulla of adrenal gland
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feedback
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Signaling from the target organ back to the source of the hormone
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thyroid-stimulating hormone
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stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroxine
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cushing syndrome
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condition caused by the hypersecretion of the glucocoriticoids from the adrenal cortex
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combines with thyroglobulin to form t3 and t4
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iodide
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Parafolliular cells
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secrete the hormone calcitonin in response to an elevated level of blood calcium
calcitonin acts to reduce the blood calcium level and encourage deposition of calcium into the bone
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Hormonal Stimuli
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other hormones stimulate the release of other hormones
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hepatocytes
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makes up 90% of liver
paranchyma of liver--does pretty much all function
loaded with mitochondria
has exocrine and endocrine fx. within one cell
produce bile
hardly any con. tissue-heavy drinkers have more
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adrenalopathy
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Any disease of the adrenal glands. Also called adrenalopathy.
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Parathyroid Glands
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Four small bodies lying directly behind the thyroid. Parathormone (PTH), the hormone produced by the glands, helps maintain the level of calcium in the blood.
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when are epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted?
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stress
fight or flight
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Hormones are transported to their target cells __________________.
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blood plasma
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this promotes bone and muscle growth
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growth hormone
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Calcium (Electrolyte Imbalance)
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Hypercalcemia: Increase threshold of voltage-gated channels. Decrease rate of action potentials.
Hypocalcemia: Decrease threshold. Increase rate of action potentials.
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What are lipid soluble hormones made from?
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cholesterol
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Hypopituitarism
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reduced secretion due to partial or complete loss of function of the anterior pituitary lobe
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The mRNA molecule moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and binds to a ribosome where it directs the synthesis of specific proteins. A) True B) False
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B
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anterior pituitary
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part of the pituitary gland, secretes: growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin.
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which area of the brain regulates the endocrine system?
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hypothalamus
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what is the hormone-receptor relationship insures specificity?
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the hormone-receptor relationship insures specificity, meaning that there is a specific hormone for each receptor.
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ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
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Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.
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Growth Hormone
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1. Target: all body cells, but especially the bone and muscle cells.2. Function: Stimulate growth; lengthen bones in childhood
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What is Tetany?
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-Hyposecretion of PTH of the Parathyroid-Causes spontanious nerve impulses
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Acute Complications of Hyperglycemia can be life threataning... What are they?
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Acute Complications:
The two most important acute complications are (both are treated elsewhere as separate disease states):
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Nonketotic Hyperosmolar State(NKHS)
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Estrogen
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One of two hormones secreted by the ovaries
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Thyorxine
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T4, secreted by thyroid, sets BMR by regulating cell respiration,increase metabolic heat
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tyrosine goes through iodination to form
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T4 and T3
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Describe Amino acid derivatives.
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-small molecules structurally related to amino acids
-synthesized from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan
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HIGH Blood Sugar
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Insulin
1. sugar faster to cells
2. use more sugar and ATP
3. glucose to glycogen
4. more A.A. absorption
5. more fat synthesis
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Endocrine Glands functions
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Release hormones which travel through blood to target cells.Ductless
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There are two classifications of hormones based on chemical structure. What are they?
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Lipid soluable hormones
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Glucocorticoids act upon _____ tissues; what are the functions of this sympathetic nervous system agent?
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most;
increased protein and fat breakdown
increased glucose production
inhibition of immune response
decreased inflammation
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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Region of the brain; the floor of the third ventricle that helps maintain homeostasis.
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What are the 2 types of hormones?
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Non-steroid (protein)
Steroid (lipid)
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luteinizing hormone (LH).
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LH causes the secretion of sex hormones—estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone—in men and women, and stimulates the process of ovulation
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negative feedback system of thyroxine
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metabolic rate goes down, hypothalamous secretes TRH
TRH stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete TSH
TSH stimulates thyroid to release thyroxinr
neg feedback shuts off TRH until metabolic rate decreases
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Promote the release of lipids by adipose tissue
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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What are the adrenal hormones?
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The adrenal gland secretes:
1) mineralocorticoids - which regulate electrolyte balance and help maintain blood pressure
2) glucocorticoids - concerned with metabolism and stress response
3) gonadocorticoids -
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Nervous System vs. Endocrine System
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Neurons release neurotransmitters into a synapse, affecting postsynaptic cells. - Sympathetic "fight or flight"vs. Glands release hormones into the bloodstream, only target cells of hormone respond.Hormones bind to proteins on cell, called receptors.Very quick reaction vs. short to long reaction
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Thyroid Gland
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Endocrine gland that is located in the neck and regulates body metabolism
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Name four hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland?
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ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH
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There are two kinds of glands, the _____________ and ___________ glands.
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exocrine and endocrine
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what is the blood supply to the the thyroid?
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Superior Thyroid arteryies --- external carotid
Inferior thyroid arteries --- thyrocervical trunk off of subclavian
Thyroid ima artery --- the right subclavian carotid trunk
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Type II Diabetes Mellitus
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90% of all diabetesdue to insulin resistance (insensitivity)leads to hyperglycemiaInsulin Independent
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The affects of epinephrine and norepinephrine are known as
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the fight or flight response
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What hormones does the thyroid secrete?
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The thyroid secretes three hormones:
1) thyroxine
2) triiodothyronine
3) calcitonin
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response to a hormone depends on both the ____ and the ____
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hormone; target cell
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Nonsteriod hormones serves as ________ ___________ providing communication between _________ and ___________ _________. Another molecule such as ________ ______ then acts as the _________ _______ providing _____________ within a hormone's ________ _______
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Nonsteroid hormones serves as First Messenger providing communication between endocrine and target organs. Another molecule as cylic AMP then acts as the second messenger providing communication within a hormone's target cells.
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Type 2 diabetes/non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
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accounts for 90% of the cases of diabetes mellitus and is most frequently seen in adults 35 years of age and older. More than 70% of individuals in whom Type 2 diabetes develops are obese. unresponsiveness or resistance to insulin, causes of which include hormone receptor defects or too few receptors on the surface of target cell membranes. As a consequence, the insulin that is produced is not effective.
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Microscopic structure of the thyroid gland
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cubodial cells, follicles : store hormone
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What are the uses for androgens
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replacment therapy, breast cancer in women, tumors, refractory anemias, AIDS
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What are the differences between the Endocrine System and the Nervous System
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Endocrine: long term/ metablolic activity, acts slower, released into blood
Nervous: short term, acts quickly, confined to snynapse
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The zana glomerulosa regulates the levels of
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sodium and potassium ions in the blood, so it regulates salt
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why is pancreas both endo and exocrine gland?
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exocrine - digestive
endocrine - producing insulin and glucagon
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What are some common second messengers (and derivatives)?
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-cyclic AMP (cAMP; derivatives of ATP)
-cyclic GMP (cGMP; derivatives of GTP)
-calcium ions
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Gigantism is a disorder of what endocrine gland?
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anterior pituitary (usually caused by a pituitary adenoma)
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stress induces a nonspecific response called general adaptation syndrome (GAS)causes ACTH and cortisol releaseoften affects physiology negatively
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what is the effect of stress on glucocorticoid secretion?
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what's the location of the thymus gland?
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lines in the thoacic cavity behind the sternum.secretes hormones called thymosins, which play a role in the immune system.
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Name the three factors on which target cell activation by the hormone-receptor interaction is contingent.
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The extent of target cell activation depends on:
1) blood hormone levels
2) the number of receptors for the hormone on/in target cells
3) the affinity between hormone and receptor.
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What are some effects of aging on the parathyroid gland?
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It is difficult to detect because of decreased calcium intake and circulating vitamin D, as well as blunted response accompanying aging.
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