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The "religion" of the Enlightenment
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Deism
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John Wesley's evangelistic revival movement within Anglicanism.
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Methodism
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Voltaire
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French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.
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"Spirit of Laws"; checks and balances
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Montesquieu
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A French physiocrat whose "Tableau Économique" argued against government intervention in the economy; he inspired Smith's "Wealth of Nations".
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Quesnay
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This philosopher's 1651 treatise "Leviathan" espoused absolute monarchy
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Thomas Hobbes
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Tycho Brahe
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Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data.
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Isaac Newton
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English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.
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Copernicus
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Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
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Deism
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The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.
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"Cogito ergo sum."
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I think; therefore, I am.
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A Scottish philosopher and important figure in the field of skepticism.
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David Hume
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He revolutionized algebra and geometry and made the famous philosophical statement "I think, therefore I am." He is considered the father of modern philosophy.
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René Descartes
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An English scholar and mathematician regarded as the father of physical science.
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Isaac Newton
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He linked math and science with observation.
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Galileo
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An English philosopher and statesman who developed the inductive method.
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Francis Bacon
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A French writer and the primary satirist of the Enlightenment, who criticized religion and leading philosophies of the time.
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Voltaire
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telescope
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a magnifier of images of distant objects
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empiricism
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medical practice and advice based on observation and experience in ignorance of scientific findings
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This is the theory that all knowledge comes from experience/experimentation; philosophically it was expounded by Locke and Hume.
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empiricism
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John Harrison
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Worked with clocks and compasses for longitude and lattitude and created the "Marine Chronometer" which estimated one's exact longitude at sea.
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Johannes Kepler
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Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy
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Cartesian dualism
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The teaching of René Descartes that the mind or spirit constitutes one reality while the body is something completely different, separate and apart from mind.
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This ISM believed in the liberty of the individual and equality before the law. It did not, however, promote democracy.
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Classical Liberalism
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He wrote "Novum Organum," in which he attacked Aristotle's concepts of science.
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Francis Bacon
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scientific method
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a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions
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A founding father, he wrote a text on electricity and invented the lightning rod.
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Benjamin Franklin
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principle of universal gravitation
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states that every object in this universe attracts every other object with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between their centres.
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Diderot
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wrote the first encyclopedia
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Cesare Beccaria
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Wrote Crime and Punishment
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Turgot
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philosophe, physiocrat, and widely experienced government administrator who was appointed to Louis XVI's reform council
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Enlightenment
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18th Century movement during which stressed the application of reason to all areas of life and included the suggestion of progressive reforms including religious toleration and limited government (constitutional/limited monarchy)
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Philosophes
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Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason
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Rene Descartes
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French nativist philosopher; proponent of dualism; argued that "threads" within the body control movement, and that some behaviors occur without thought
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Edmund Burke
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founder of philosophical conservatism, wanted incremental, non-violent change
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Francis Bacon
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English Politician and writer who criticized the old sciences because they were hypothesized from abstract theories. He believed that theories should be proven by fact.
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David Hume
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Scotland; advocated atheism and argued in "Inquiry into Human Nature" that there was no logical basis or proof of the Biblical miracles
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Cervantes
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Regarded to be the greatest Spanish writer of all time. Most famous work is "Don Quixote", which satirizes the chivalric romances which were then popular in Spain, is considered to be the first modern novel.
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enclosure movement
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The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.
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Pascal
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wager about the existence of God; "a smart man would believe in God because it has the best outcome"
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Enlightened Despotism
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Term for reform-oriented rule of 18th century monarchs such as Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great. Applied Enlightenment solutions to economic problems, encouraged education and legal reform, improved agricultural productivity by enabling peasants to own land on which they worked.
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Principia Mathematica
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is a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics, written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell.
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Laissez-faire
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"let (them) do (as they please)," an economic doctrine that holds that an economy is best served when the government does not interfere but allows the economy to self-regulate according to the forces of supply and demand; an idea put forth by adam smith; there is an invisible hand that controls the capitalist economy
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Aristotelian-Ptolemaic cosmology
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The geocentric view of the universe in existence for numerous centuries that was accorded with the church teachings and Scriptures
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Baruch spinoza
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He was a Dutch Jewish philosopher. He is considered one of the great rationalists of the 17th-century philosophy, laying the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism.
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Galileo Galilei: 1564-1642
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LIL: See w/ a telescope
-Used a telescope to look at the sky, in which he discovered new stars, sun spots, moon mountains, and the moons of Jupiter. He even proved Copernicus' theories.
-He was a strong believer in the mathematical regality of the universe. EVERYTHING had its order.
-Developed the Laws of Motion and Law of Inertia: remain in motion until a force acts upon them.
-STARRY MESSENGER and LETTERS ON SUNSPOTS: Described his new findings using a Copernican style to his patrons.
-Galileo faced Inquisition and was forced to recant. The Church put him under House Arrest due to his heresy beliefs.
His patrons were the Medicis
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English Royal society
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This is a learned society for science, and is possibly the oldest such society in existence. Founded in November 1660, it was granted a Royal Charter by King Charles II as the "Royal Society of London".
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Descartes' rationalism and deductive logic
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Descartes tried to address the last problem by reason. He began, echoing Parmenides, with a principle that he thought could not coherently be denied: I think, therefore I am.
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