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Sans-culotte
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Bourgeoisie
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middle class
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Napoleonic Code
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King Louis XVI
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Secular
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separate fron religion
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Faction
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dissenting groups of people
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old regime
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period before 1789
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aristocracy
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government by the wealthy
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Three Estates
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Peasants, Nobles and Clergy
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where was the great fear
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France
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Concert of Europe
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series of alliances
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Estates
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the social classes in France
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Estates-General
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Legislative assembly of France composed of clergy, nobles, and commoners
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Florence Nightengale
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patron saint of nurses
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Robespierre
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shrewd lawyer and politician whom quickly rose to leadership of the Committee of Public Relations
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Revolutionary
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Markedly new or introducing radical change.
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National Convention
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Dominated by lawyers, professionals, and property owners who established a French Republic on September 21, 1792. It set the Reign of Terror in motion and pursued a policy of dechristianization (the word "saint" removed from street names, churches pillaged&closed by revolutionary armies, and priests encouraged to marry).
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Emigres
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Nobles and others who fled France
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Johannes Kepler
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Brahe's assistant. Discovered that that the universe WAS heliocentric but that the planets traveled in ellipses - German
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Napoleon I
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(1769-1821) Overthrew French directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
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plebiscite
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submitting changes to the constitution to the people for a vote
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Cahiers
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Notebooks of grievances that King Louis XVI asked the members of the Estates General to prepare
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Moderate
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They wanted some changes in the government but not as many as the radicals.(sat in center)
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scorched-earth policy
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russians burned and destroyed crops and villages which left nothing for Napoleon to feed his army.
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annex
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it means to incorporate into an empire. Napoleon annexed the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany.
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girodins
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moderate faction of the jacobin who represented the provinces
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First Estate
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clergy/high class nobility, 1% of population
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inflation
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a general and progressive increase in prices
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Joseph Sieyes
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proposed the national assembly, 3rd estate should have more than one vote in parliament
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Peace with Church
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recognize Catholicism as religion again in France but "church" land are not given back
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Country Card
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The Thermidorians wrote a third constitution, in which the new legislature was divided into two houses, which were called what?
A: The 500 & The Elders
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Nobility
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the social class belonging to the upper class
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propoganda
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ideas people spread to gain supporters even though its not true
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indemnity
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a compensation to other nations for damages it had inflicted on them
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Marseilles
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a French port city where the French national anthem, "La Marseillaise", was first sung
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National Convension
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new parliament with new officials, no one was on the side of the King
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Ancien Régime
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the old order that divided everyone into three social classes
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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A french philosopher who believed that people are naturally good, but society corrupts them through environment, education, and laws.
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Louis XVI
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divine right French monarch at the time of the French Rev.
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Who was the absolute monarch of France?
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Louis XVI
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Directory
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The new government set up by the revolutionary leaders in France.
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Sans-Culottes
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The name for the laboring poor of Paris, so called because men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class. It came to refer to the militant radicals of the city.
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Maximilien Robespierre
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a jacobin leader of committee of public safety. that wanted to strictly stay to the ideals of the revolution
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Olympe de Gouges
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insisted women should share equal rights. penned declaration of the rights of women and the female citizen. national assembly ignored her.
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Calonne
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He saw the need for financial reform in France. He was the finance minister to Louis XVI. He proposed, 1786, a general tax to replace the taille, a lightening of indirect taxes, the abolition of internal tariff barriers, confiscation of church properties, and establishment of provincial assemblies in which propertied elements should be represented without regard to estate. Calonne was dismissed. (Taxed everyone for land tax, not just the peasants)
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Declaration Rights of Man
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Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. (p. 586)
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coup d' etat
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sudden taking over of political power
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Reign of Terror
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the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed
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second estate
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the nobles has complete control over the knight.
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august 4, 1789
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date that liberal nobles and clerics began renouncing priveleges, ultimately resulting in equal laws for all French citizens
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guillotine
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A faster way to behead than using an ax, and became as the symbol of horror
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"eminent property"
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idea that manor owned the land, so citizens on that land would pay rents to noble of the manor
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Revolution
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a great change over a short period of time
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Tennis Court Oath
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Oath sworn by National Assembly while locked in the indoor tennis court drafting the French Constitution
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War on tyranny
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the war of words between frennch revolutionaries & european monarchs.
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1791 Events
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June: flight to Varennes by King and Queen: attempt to escape
September: Constitution signed by unwilling King = CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
August: Declaration of Pillnitz Austria & Prussia offer to restore French monarchy by force if other European powers will join them
October: Legislative Assembly elected under terms of Robespierre's
"Self-denying ordinance"": members of National Assembly ineligible
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Grand Army
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The army Napoleon took to fight the Russians (60,000 men).
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The Great Fear
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Peasants were afraid that the Nobles would send in Troops to kill them. It was a result of the storming of Bastille.
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Doubling the Third
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the third estate announced it would elect twice as many representatives as either the nobles or clergy, which meant if voting was by head. It could easily outvote the first and second estate , because there were liberal noble and clergymen who would support it. The voting method had not been decided on when the Estates General convened in May 1789.
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legislative assembly
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they had the power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace
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Russian "scorched Earth" policy
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Russians would burn down their own camps after they were finished using them so that the Grand Army would have no food and no where to stay
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Scorched - Earth Policy
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When Russia burned down everything the French were to cross to make them eventually turn back since there were no supplies for them.
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Olympe de Gouges—W5
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Was a woman who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women, since the Declaration of the Rights of Man did not apply to women. Unfortunately, here ideas were rejected, and she lost her head as an enemy of the Revolution. She was a strong supporter of democracy in 1791, and she demanded the same rights for French women that French men had. She challenged the oppression of male-authority and the notion of male-female inequality.
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Committee for Public Safety
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executed anyone who spoke out against the government; government during the radical phase (war w/Europe)
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French Revolution
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an uprising of the people that led to the end of the French monarchy and the beheading of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
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National Debt
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A debt that is the problem of the Parliament
EX) Debt on England
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committee of public safety
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a radical group that protects against radicals, conservatives, wins the war, cancels constitution, and executes 40,000 people
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Tennis Court Oath- purpose
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a constitution of rights a piece of paper with signatures.
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Disbandment of the Estates-General
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the king orders everyone to join the National-Assembly which forces the Estates-General to be shut down
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Civil Constitution of Clergy
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Made all Catholic Clergy agents of the State. Forced the revolutionaries to choose between G,d and revolution. It was an all out attack on the Church.
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declaration of the rights of man
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inspired by the declaration of independence and the english bill of rights
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Storming of the Bastille
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The time was half past three, on the famous date of July 14, 1789. A huge, bloodthirsty mob marched to the Bastille, searching for gun powder and prisoners that had been taken by the unpopular and detested King, Louis XVI. Even elements of the newly formed National Guard were present at the assault. The flying rumors of attacks from the government and the biting truth of starvation were just too much for the angry crowds. The Bastille had been prepared for over a week, anticipating about a hundred angry subjects and along the thick rock walls of the gargantuan fortress and between the towers were twelve more guns that were capable of launching 24-ounce case shots at any who dared to attack. However, the enraged Paris Commune was too defiant and too livid to submit to the starvation and seeming injustice of their government. But nothing could have prepared the defenders for what they met that now famous day.
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first stage of french revolution
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-third estate begins to demand a vote in the estates general based on head count
-national assembly
-tennis court oath
-bastille was stormed on July 14, 1789
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why was the holy alliance importnat
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if there was no alliance, there might be another revolution, which would be important because the revolution could put another country in a horrible position as it did to France
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Calonne's Reform Plan And the Assembly of Notables
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by 1786. Charles Alexander de Calonne was finance minister here in he propose to encourage internal trade, lower certain taxes (including the gabelle), and transform the corvee into money payments. . He wanted a names tax that already landowners would have to pay regardless of their social status. His proposals would have undermined the power of the French aristocracy and French Catholic Church. . He met with an assembly of notables nominated by the Royal Ministry that included upper ranks from the aristocracy and church to seek support for his plan. The assembly refused, forcing an estates general to be called.
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How was the Enlightenment (Age of Reason) another cause of the Revolution?
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People began to find that science and natural laws govern the natural world. Philosophes began to apply these thoughts to human beings and government. NATURAL RIGHTS! (Life, Liberty, Property)
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When is it called and who convenes it? (estates-general)
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called in 1789 by King Louis XVI
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E n D o F t H e E m P i R e :)
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*exiled napoleon to the island of elba.
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