Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Us History Ap Terms

Terms Definitions
1676 Bacon's Rebellion
1911 Date: Chinese Revolution
plymouth 1620, corperate/religion, puritan (bitches), farming
James Buchanan 1857-1861, Democrat, Know-Nothings Party (Fillmore), Democrats (Compromise of 1850 and Kansas Nebraska Bill)
Shakers The largest communal utopian experiment, which at its height had 6,000 members in twenty settlements in eight states between 1820 and 1860. Shaker communities emphasized agriculture and hand-crafts and most managed to become self-sufficient and profitable enterprises. They were socially radical and abolished individual families, instead each colony was one big family. Women were also elected leaders.
Safavid Empire Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. (p. 531)
Frederick W. Taylor Efficiency = Science
mechanization The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. (p. 603)
investiture practice of state appointment of bishops
Ziggurat A multilayered pyramid constructed by Mesopotamians
Acadians French settlers of the easternmost areas of Canada.
bas relief type of art; three dimensional
19th Amendment right to vote for women
Caliph the political and religious successor to Muhammad
new nationalism ..., Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice
This series of mercantile Parliamentary laws included requiring colonial trade carried on in English-owned ships and barring colonial merchants from exporting enumerated goods (specifically listed) anywhere except to England. Navigation Acts
Marcus Garvey led the United Negro Improvement Association, Back to Africa movement for racial pride and separatism, inspired self-confidence in blacks
Protestant Reformation Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p. 446)
Labor Union Organization of workers for the purpose of increased lobbying power for benefits and wages; created to defend the interests of the members
joint-stock companies early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk.
Missouri Compromise an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories
Navigation Acts tariffs that controled trade with other countries- lead to rebellious feelings
Iliad Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek myths
Emiliano Zapata Leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, which lasted 10 years; 1910-1920; fought for farmers' rights; gathered army in southern Mexico and urged farmers to join; Liberation Army of the South
Umayyad Caliphate First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.
Israel In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948. (p. 98)
Hedonism an ethical system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good
John Locke English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
Ashikaga Shogunate The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 365)
Washington Conference International conference called by the United States to limit the naval arms race and to work out security agreements in the Pacific area. Held in Washington, D.C., the conference resulted in the drafting and signing of several major and minor treaty agreements. Also known as the Five Power Treaty.
William Tennant A strong Presbyterian minister and leader during the Great Awakening. Founded a college for the training of Presbyterian ministers in 1726.
James B. Weaver Presidential candidate for Greenback Labor party
Wade-Davis Bill Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by vetoing.
Kamakura Shogunate The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). (p. 294)
iron curtain Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West. (p. 831)
Act of Toleration(1649) Catholics and protestants deal w/ eachother
Theodore Herzl Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 760)
North Carolina Was settled by mostly "squatters" who raised tobacco on small farms.
Chinese Exclusion Act Pased in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.
Richard Montgomery Irish officer who fought for Americans and was with Benedict Arnold, but was killed in Battle
midnight judges Those judges that were appointed by Jefferson in the Judiciary Act of 1801.
Shang China in Hwang Ho (Yellow) River Valley; 1600 to 1100 BCE; strong military; walls around towns; limited outside contract; ethnocentric; bronze, horse-drawn chariots, spoked wheel, pottery, and silk; decimal system, calendar
Andrew Jackson The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
George Logan Quaker from PA that was arrested. "Logan Law" Went to London and Napoleon wanted to apologize for the XYZ affair, so he told Prez Adams and he was arrested for interferring
inner light Quaker's believed in an inner light which was a gift of God's grace, it expressed itself as divine intuition or knowledge unaccountable by ordinary derivations of thought. Transcendentalists believed that every person possesses an Inner Light that can illuminate the highest truth and put a person in touch with God.
crusades A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
Susan B. Anthony social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation
Tokugawa Shogunate Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences
 
 
 
 
202. Articles of Confederation: powers, weaknesses, successes 		 
The Articles of Confederation delegated most of the powers (the power to tax, to regulate trade, and to draft troops) to the individual states, but left the federal government power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money. The Articles’ weakness was that they gave the federal government so little power that it couldn’t keep the country united. The Articles’ only major success was that they settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. The Articles were abandoned for the Constitution.
Roman Law - was very strict- written in Latin-
commodity an article of trade or commerce, esp. a product as distinguished from a service.
External Tax • Taxes based on oceanic trade such as port duties (ex: sugar act) • Not as controversial as internal taxes
gregory VII pope who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords
670. Ku Klux Klan White-supremacist group formed by six former Conferedate officers after the Civil War. Name is essentially Greek for "Circle of Friends". Group eventually turned to terrorist attacks on blacks. The original Klan was disbanded in 1869, but was later resurrected by white supremacists in 1915.
Election of 1800 Tie between Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson which went to the House of Representatives. Jefferson won the presidency after 36 ballots when Alexander Hamilton persuaded three members of the House to vote for Jefferson. Significance: 12 amendment
Bonus Army WWI vets that went to Washington to get bonuses owed to them immediately (1932) not scheduled to be paid until 1945.
dunkirk a city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire
Punic Wars A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean
Royal African Company Chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia.
Gov. william berkeley a Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.
Vladimir I Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity. (p. 366)
Fort Sumter Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day.
132. Stamp Act March 22, 1765 - British legislation passed as part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue measures which required that all legal or official documents used in the colonies, such as wills, deeds and contracts, had to be written on special, stamped British paper. It was so unpopular in the colonies that it caused riots, and most of the stamped paper sent to the colonies from Britain was burned by angry mobs. Because of this opposition, and the decline in British imports caused by the non- importation movement, London merchants convinced Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.
James, Duke of York ___________, the brother of Charles II, became the proprietor of the English colony of New York in 1664 when it was seized from the Dutch.
Treaty of Versailles The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans. (p. 763)
Pope Gregory VII pope who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords
Juan Ponce de Leon earliest known explorer of Florida in 1513, then governor of Puerto Rico. sought the mystic fountain of youth/
Chandra Gupta The year 320 CE saw the creation of the Gupta dynasty by
nomadism A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.
The Middle Colonies? New York was captured by the British when the Duke of York took over New Netherlands to eliminate dutch influence in the fur trade (1664); New Jersey was owned by the Duke of York until he gave it to other nobles, quakers inhabited north and east new jersey until it was unified in 1702; Pennsylvania was founded as a sanctuary for Quakers, home to settlers who wanted good farmland and democracy; Delaware passed from swedish control to dutch to british, owned by Duke of York then purchased by Penn to provide his settlers access to the sea
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Written by Jefferson and Madison, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, and argued that states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws and then nullify them as need be. This established the principle of Nullification. Despite the name, Virginia and Kentucky never nullified the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Martin Van Buren 8th P and VP, organizer of Democratic Party, "Red Fox of Kinderhook"
In the Safavid empire , Shiites prosecuted the Sunnis, non-muslims, and the sufis
Sandra Day O'Connor First woman to become a justice of the Supreme Court, under Reagan
When did the Toltecs emerge? 9th and 10th centuries, after the collapse of Teotihuacan
537. John Jacob Astor (1763-1848) His American fur company (est. 1808) rapidly became the dominant fur trading company in America. Helped finance the War of 1812. First millionaire in America (in cash, not land).
Clarke Airfield, Subic Bay Naval Station These two places were US military outposts on the Philippines.
Holding out on Constitution NY and VA: VA signed after they were promised that a Bill of Rights would be added; NY eventually joined after realizing they would not prosper without joining and after Federalist Papers
UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights Outlined the same basic civil rights found in many of the constitutions influenced by the natural rights identified by the Englightment thinkers. The UN, however, had no power to enforce the declaration, so the protection of the civil rights of minorities and women is still not guaranteed in many areas of the world.
178. July 4, 1776 and the Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence was signed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4. It dissolved the colonies’ ties with Britain, listed grievances against King George III, and declared the colonies to be an independent nation.
The middle colonoies of NY, NJ, PA and DE... had more ethnic diversity than either New England or the southern colonies
Hughes famous poet
burghers middle class merchants
mu'awiya new leader of umayyads
menial (adj.) lowly, humble, lacking importance or dignity; (n.) a person who does the humble and unpleasant tasks
Sunni "Traditionalists", the most popular branch of Islam. Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared to the Shiite belief that only a descendant of Ali can lead.
Ringshout West African religious dance- contributed to development of jazz
Muster Training session for the militia
puritans came seeking to purify their religion
coalition A temporary alliance of political factions or parties for some specific purpose.
cabril was the first to see brazil
James I gave joint-stock companies to colonize
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) was a modern existentialist, believed that human beings just turn up on the scene, and once they "turn up" they seek to define themselves. He also believed that honest human beings were very lonely because they have no G-d to help them. Sartre epitomized the modern existentialist, because the belief in G-d, reason, and progress became shattered.
economic sanctions Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies. (p. 889)
scholarly gentry believed in daoism and confucianism
the mayan mathematical system was vigesimal, which means that it was based on units of... twenty
Corrupt Bargain Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election. to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor.  When Adams became president, he made Clay the secretary of state.  Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for the supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824.
a sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for repentance jeremiad
Daniel Shays • Lead Shay's Rebellion an uprising of farmers in w.Massachusetts in 1786-87, they were objecting to high taxes and foreclosures for unpaid debts, militia suppressed the rebels • The rebelion was the last straw of the crytical period, acted as a catalyst for the creation of a new government
royal charter Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens
Mesopotamia the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys
What is a wind wheel? Circular Wind patterns
yellow journalism journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
Spoils system practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs
Indian Territory Reservation in Oklahoma where dozens of southern Plains tribes were forced
Kush An ancient nubian kingdom whose rulers contolled egypt between 2000 and 1000 B.C.
creole Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America.
fresco A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance. (p. 73)
TaNaKh the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings
Neutrality Proclamation Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.
Sioux Wars lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians wre led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.
Mexican War after Mexican refusal to sell California-New Mexico region, Polk sent troops 1846 and it ended w/ Treat of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848, took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000
"floating worlds" Centers of Tokugawa Urban Culture; called ukiyo; where entertainment and pleasure quarters housed teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths to offer escape from social responsibilities and the rigid rules of conduct that governed public behavior
Andrew Carnegie made a fortune manufacturing steel, used a business strategy called vertical integration
Bacon's Rebellion Nathaniel Bacon led frontier servants, small farmers, and slaves against Virginia's wealthy planters and political leaders that resulted in the burning of Jamestown in 1676. Bacon also conducted assaults against peaceful Native Americans (he claimed they were "all alike").
Stone Age The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age. (p. 11)
Hiroshima and Nagasaki (FDR following death) nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman
Bantu Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. (p. 219)
the Lombard League League of Italian city-states formed to fight the Germans
Election of 1820 Monroe ran unopposed. Federalist party no longer existed.
encomienda A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479)
Capitalist A person who makes their goods and services available on a free market.
Upanishads A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.
Holy Alliance Formed by Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815, was first proposed by Russias Alexander 1, soo became symbol of revolutions in Europe.
pictograms the earliest forms of writing in which pictures represent words or ideas
Bartolomeu Dias Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)
julius ceasar Roman general and dictator. He was murdered by a group of senators and his former friend Brutus who hoped to restore the normal running of the republic
Pequot War an armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) against the Pequot tribe. The result was the elimination of the Pequot as a viable polity in what is present-day Southern New England.
Anne Hutchinson She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.
Extraterritoriality The right of foreigners to live under the laws of their home country rather than those of the host country.
"victory gardens" Americans should grow veggies on their own so Americans can send produce abroad, highly successful Food Administration tactic
Whigs (Great Britain) The British political party that opposed James II, led the Glorious Revolution of 1688. They were also supporters of parliamentary supremacy over royal authority.
Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. (p. 230)
row houses narrow houses set up in cities and towns to minimize space. The houses were built wall to wall in long rows. They had neither front yards nor back yards, but instead narrow alleys to separate the houses.
17. Half-way Covenant The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.
cheap money name for increase of paper money in circulation
Panic of 1837 (MVB) , When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
Jazz Age Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime
Francisco Pizarro (1530) Set out to conquer the Inca. (of Spain) Went on to slaughter thousands of Incas.
Holy Roman Empire Empire in centrral Europe that was created in the medieval era and dissolved by Napoleon. In theory, the emperor was elected, but members of the Hapsburg family were regularly chosen after 1500
Pilgrims and Puritans contrasted The Pilgrims were separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatist groups were illegal in England, so the Pilgrims fled to America and settled in Plymouth. The Puritans were non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England.
Election of 1844 Candidates: Henry Clay (Whigs- in an upset over Van Buren) and James Polk (Democrat). Polk favored expansion, demanded that Texas and Oregon be added to the US and Clay had already spoken out against annexation. Polk won the election by the difference of one state (NY, because some of its votes went to the Liberty Party candidate, losing Clay the state)
Peter the Great czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government
684. Maximillian in Mexico European prince appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new government set up in Mexico. After the Civil War, the U.S. invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers.
July 2, 1776 Date when Richard Henry Lee's motion was adopted
Stephan A. Douglas (the "Little Giant") A squat, bull-necked, heavy-chested, self-made man. Supported the democratic concept of dividing Nebraska into Kansas and Nebraska, the issue of slavery in each state determined by popular sovereignty. He delivered a counterstroke to offset the Gadsden thrust for souther expansion westward.
The Port Royal "Experiment" US government gave slaves their own land and 10,000 slaves would go there, however Johnson gives it back to southerners
French abandoned Duquesne because... outnumbered and British was going to Montreal and Quebec to cut off supplies
rape of Nanjing Happend in 1937, in which more than 400,000 Chinese residents met death.
Martin Luther King Jr civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated
Big Bill Haywood A founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and a member of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America.
740. John D. Rockefeller Joined his brother William in the formation of the Standard Oil Company in 1870 and became very wealthy.
What was the Yalta Conference? In 1945, Stalin, Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt met to discuss post-war issues. Stalin was the winner, gaining a pro-Soviet government in charge of Poland, the division of Germany, and territory concessions in Asia.
John Burgoyne's Battle for New England brtish officer During the Saratoga campaign he surrendered his army of 5,000 men to the American troops. Appointed to command a force that would capture Albany and end the rebellion, he advanced from Canada but soon found himself surrounded and outnumbered. He fought two battles at Saratoga, but was forced to open negotiations with Horatio Gates
Acquisition of Florida from Spain (JMon) Jackson gets Spain, praised by Adams and Monroe, not by Senate or House
Root-Takahira Agreement of 1908 Japan / US agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.
341. Federalist opposition to the Louisiana Purchase Federalists opposed it because they felt Jefferson overstepped his Constitutional powers by making the purchase.
What was the principle work of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits)? To be disciplined, educated representatives of the Church throughout the world.
Morrill Land Grant Act a law that gave land and money for agricultural colleges
what happened in south africa, nicaragua, and ecuador in the early 90s? s. africa freed nelson mandela and elected him president 4 years later
991. Thorstien Velben, The Theory of the Leisure Class An economist, he believed that society was always evolving, but not that the wealthiest members of society were the "fittest." Attacked the behavior of the wealthy. Muckraker novel.
Name the place which was one of the crucial points in the Asian sea trading network where trade converged. Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Straits of Malacca
cyrillic slavic alphabet
Temperance Abstinence from alcohol
specie gold or silver coin
iconoclasm religious controversy within the byzantine empire; emperor attempted to suppress veneration icons
A Seperate Peace John Knowles Novel
Olmecs First known american civilization known for making giant jade and stone heads.
Studied analytical geometry, must doubt everything, world consists of 2 entities... Descartes
What did Constantine do? Divided the empire
Reconstruction System implemented in the American South (1867-1877) that was designed to bring the
Confederate states back into the union and also extend civil rights to freed slaves.
Mullahs Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism
Sputnik The world's first space satellite, launched by the Soviet Union. Scared US into prioritizing science and math
Erasmus "Praise of Folly", humanist, education will lead to reform
divination Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky. (p. 59)
Spanish use slavery in mainland and carribean
Nullification Controversy southern states (especially South Carolina) believed that they had the right to judge federal laws unconstitutional and therefore not enforce them
Citizen Genet Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine
parthian a native or inhabitant of Parthia.
Nicaragua Many American experts favored a canal route through this Central American country, but Bunau-Varilla went to great lengths to ensure that it was not chosen, including scaring US officials about the eruption of Mt. Pelée on nearby Martinique.
tidewater the coastal plain of the South: eastern parts of Virginia and North Carolina and South Carolina and Georgia
al-mahdi third of the Abbasid caliphs; tried but failed to attract moderate Shi'a
Triple Entente Agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907
Khedives Descendants of Muhammad Ali, rulers of Egypt despite English and French intervention, taken over by coup
corporation any group of persons united or regarded as united in one body
Thomas Paine The guy who wrote common sense
Blaise Diagne Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. After war, led movement to abolish forced labor in Africa.
Ostend Manifesto Declared the U.S.'s ambitions to acquire Cuba. Suggested that it would forcefully take it from Spain if they refused to sell. Denounced as an attempt to extend slavery, was withdrawn. During Pierce's presidency.
Chav?n The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital, Chav?n de Hu?ntar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chav?n became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region. (89)
Containment Policy of preventing the spread of Communist rule
Interstate Commerce Act Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices
Rugged Individualism Hoover's philosophy that called on Americans to help each other during the Depression without direct government relief
reformation a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
Albert Einstein physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity.
nationalism feverent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state.
Public school reformer who proposed grading the schools, extending the school year, and compelling attendance. Horace Mann
agricultural revolution The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled (600)
Liberal Republicans* (USG) , wanted to end Reconstruction, sought honest government, and the riding of "grantism', so they nominated Greeley as their candidate. The Democratic Party had also chosen Greeley, hoping that Grant would be defeated if they united against him. But Regular Republicans renominated Grant. The Republicans controlled enough Black votes to gain victory for Grant.
battle of concord "the shot heard around the world"
Mods + Rads Lincoln and Johnson are moderates, Mods and Rads disagree about what to do with states
Whig Party An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats.
Martin v.Hunter's Lessee Virginia confiscated land owned by Loyalist Denny Martin Fairfax. Virginia gave Hunter 800 acres of confiscated lands, and Fairfax bought suit against Hunter for return of land. Treaty of Paris and Jay's treaty seemed to make clear that Fairfax was rightful owner but Virginia court upheld grant to Hunter. Marshall overruled the Virginia court, said the land belonged to Fairfax and voided the grant to Hunter. Rejected "compact theory" the idea that the states were equally sovereign to the fed government. SIGNIFICANT: enforced rights of Supreme Court which held appellate jurisdiction over state courts - supremacy clause
Twelfth Amendment 1804 (TJ) , Beginning in 1804, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President
Loyalist people who were loyal to the British King. Alot of the elite class was loyal and also several Anglicans and British officials.
-The loyalist provided another side of the American Revolution.
Talleyrand The French foreign minster at the time of the Quadruple Alliance, was everybody's' counterpart. Was in power during the division of the land.
mahayana one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone
Roman Principate A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps ('first citizen') adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship. (p. 151)
king philip's war conflict between new england 1675-176 between wampanogs narragantes and other india peoples against english settlers. sparked by encrosach native lands
yanas A class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the inca or the Inca nobility.
Stephen Douglas He became an outstanding spokesman for a policy of national expansion. He advocated the annexation of Texas, supported the war with Mexico, and opposed compromise with Britain in the Oregon dispute. He opposed ratification of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty and advocated the annexation of Cuba. Douglas, however, brought about the reopening of the entire slavery question in 1854 by incorporating in the Kansas-Nebraska Act (the bills that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska) the principle of "popular sovereignty," which provided that the inhabitants of these territories might decide whether slavery should be permitted within their borders. 4: 1825-1865
William McKinley from ohio -committed to the gold standard ran against William Jennings Bryan; won the 1896 election
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: Organized by Vice-President Jefferson and James Madison, argued that the states had the rights to debate the constitutionality of federal laws, this later became known as "nullification
Harsh Military governor of Virginia who employed "Irish Tactics" against the Indians. Lord DeLa Warr
idealism the cherishing or pursuit of high or noble principles, purposes, goals, etc.
papyrus A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East. (p. 44)
Trail of Tears The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
904. Comstock Lode Rich deposits of silver found in Nevada in 1859.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948), a leader of the Muslim League
Foraker Act of 1900 (WMc) Congress accorded the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular gov't and in 1917, granted then US citizenship. worked wonders in education, sanitation, transportation, + more
Roman Peace What do you call that Roman period, where: was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the powerful Roman Empire in the first and second centuries AD. Since it was established by the Emperor Augustus it is sometimes called Pax Augustus. ...
White Lotus Sect a Buddhist sect originating in the Southern Song period that consistently opposed the ruling dynasty. They were associated with banditry and rebellion until the 20th century.
Stem Cell Research Use of embryonic (belonging to unborn children) tissue in the fight against disease
King James I English king who gave charter to Virginia company, searching for gold and a route to Indies; eventually revoked charter of Virginia Company (dislilked House of Burgesses and tobacco), putting it directly under his control
Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849) He was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. Failing at suicide, he began drinking and then died in Baltimore shortly after being found drunk in a gutter.
 
 
 
 
7. Church of England (Anglican Church) 		 
 
 
 
The national church of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas.
Mississippi/Missouri River system Major river system of North America, which runs from Minnesota and North Dakota to Gulf of Mexico. Played central role in American economy, military strategy and culture.
Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act 1894 act setting the tariff at 41.3%; not as low as Democrats wanted it to be. Cleveland was outraged that it did not go by his campaign pledges. He had to sign it to have a lower tariff, but he was annoyed with its ineffectiveness. It also was the first bill to introduce an income tax, but that was later struck down as unconstitutional.
50. Peter Stuyvesant The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.
Import Substitution Industrialization An economic system aimed at building a country's industry by restricting foreign trade. It was especially popular in Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil in the mid-twentieth century. (823)
Thirty Years War War from 1618 to 1648 between German Protestants and their allies against the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction. It reduced the German population by almost 60% and German prosperity and power for a full century. The treaty that ended the war granted political independence to the Protestant Netherlands. The war established the principle of territorial toleration.
Bill of Rights (English) An act passed by the English Parliament in 1689 designed to protect civil liberties
Virginia and Kentucky Resolves -VP Jefferson led the opposition to Alien and Sedition Acts - him and Madison drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions -argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws
434. Panic of 1837 When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
Toussaint L' Overture L' Overture skillfully led a group of angry ex-slaves against French troops in Santo Domingo. The French were unable to reconquer this valuable island and hence, had no use for Louisiana to serve as a granary for Santo Domingo. The inability of the French to regain possession of the island caused Napoleon to cede the Louisiana territory to the United States for 15 million dollars. Thus, Toussaint L' Overture's military vigor indirectly provoked Napoleon's decision to sell Louisiana to the Americans.
Name the order of the first four Chinese dynasties Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Family and Medical LeaveAct 1993 (WJC) company with more than 50 employees, allow 12 weeks of unpaid keave
the great puritan migration england was going into civil war so people migrated to US, puritans excluded these people because they weren't "predestined"
505. Horace Greeley (1811-1873) Founder and editor of the New York Tribune. He popularized the saying "Go west, young man." He said that people who were struggling in the East could make the fortunes by going west.
299. French Alliance of 1778 France aided the U.S. in the American Revolution, and the U.S. agreed to aid France if the need ever arose. Although France could have used American aid during the French Revolution, the U.S. didn't do anything to help. The U.S. didn't fulfill their part of the agreement until World War I.
The phrase pater families refers to the patriarchal nature of the roman family
Who were Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville? They were writers of more pesimistic views of transcendentalism. Ex. The Scarlet Letter (1851) and Moby Dick (1851)
Each settle gets 160 acres of land for a small fee and must improve it within the next five years in order to keep it Terms of Homestead Act 1862
240. John Locke, Second Treatise of Government He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property and that governments exist to protect those rights. He believed that a contract existed between a government and its people, and if the government failed to uphold its end of the contract, the people could rebel and institute a new government.
St. Scholastica ...
Hebrews First monotheistic religion
13th amendment Abolition of Slavery
charlemagne carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in france and germany
conbtinued regalation of third world neocolonism
legalism Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws
Akhnaten Egyptian Phaoroh that encouraged monotheism with the god's name being Aten. After death traditional European religion was restored.
ayllu Andean lineage group or kin-based community. (p. 312)
New Imperialism Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories. (p. 726)
tophet cemetery containing burials of young children, possibly sacrificed to the gods in times of crisis, found at Carthage and other Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean. (p. 108)
McKinley Tariff highest protectivve measure ever proposed to Congress; proposed by McKinley and Aldrich; public had a very negative reaction to the higher tax
Dinshawai city where violence between britain and egypt. united egyptian nationalists
Bannermen Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. (p. 684)
Bhuddism practiced in india, china, and southeast asia. founded by siddhartha gautama. he searched for the meaning of human life until he became the enlightened one. he created the four noble truths and the eightfold path. the ultimate goal is to achieve nirvana. this could take many lifetimes, meaning they also believed in reincarnation. split into theravada and mahayana bhuddism. Appealed to the members of the lower class. Bhuddism was consumed by Hinduism.
demography The study of population. (p. 344)
"New Immigrants" immigrants flooded in from southeastern Europe to which Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act
monasticism the monastic system, condition, or mode of life.
Catholic Reformation Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)
Métis Canadian term for individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry.
Geneva Conference A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.
Porfirio Diaz a dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foriegn companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants
Macartney Mission The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. (p. 560)
Medicare a federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older
Temporally Relating to the sequence of time; "Over time."
Robert Schumann German composer pianist and musician, one of the best of the romantics
pastoral societies known for domestication of animals; used small agriculture to supplement diet; extended family; women had few rights; social class based on size of herd; didn't settle
Henry David Thoreau American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.
Atheist Someone who denies the existence of God
Pope's Rebellion Indian uprising due to forced Catholicism
ulama the body of mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the Islamic community
Homo Erectus "upright walking human"
existed 1.5 million to 200 thousand years ago
used cleavers & handaxes
learned how to control fire
typewriters Machine guns used by rival gangsters to erase competition
showed sympathy toward the indians John Quincy Adams
Theodore Roosevelt President during WWI *supported US expansion
Jin Kingdom Kingdom north of the song empire. Established by the Jurchens after overthrowing Liao Dynasty; ended in 1234
Consumer Proection Agency (RN), influenced by Ralph Nader, effectively protected from fraud and deceit through law, enforced by govt agencies, attracted many lawyers and others to the cause
Name the group who successfully asserted its control over China following the collapse of the Ming dynasty Jurchens or Manchus
King George III A wealthy French nobleman, nicknamed "French Gamecock", made major general of colonial army, got commission on part of his family.
Ramayana is an ancient Sanskrit epic thought to have been compiled between approximately 400 BCE and 200 CE. It tells the story of Lord Rāma, whose wife Sita is abducted by the demon (Rākshasa) king of Lanka, Rāvana. Thematically, the epic explores themes of human existence and the concept of dharma.
Embargo Act of 1807 Jefferson's idea of "peaceable coercion", stopped all exports of American goods. Embargo was meant to hurt England and France but it hurt American farmers and manufactures.
Time of Troubles Followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.
printing press invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects
the russian attraction to north america was motivated by the fur trade
Saddam Husain President of Iraq since 1979. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). (p. 860)
John Bell Nominated for presidency in 1860 by the Constitutional Union Party, which formed a split in the Union. He was a compromise candidate.
Dawes Severalty Act the most important legal development in Indian-white relations, it gave each Native American their own farm
republican party Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery and comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers
Mandate a vote of confidence form the people, also refers to a colony held in trust by a major power under the League of Nations
james g blaine harrisons secretary of state. Helped set up Pan american conference.
STRICT CONSTRUCTION Did Thomas Jefferson believe in strict or loose construction of the Constitution?
Black Codes Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern governments.
predecessor a person who precedes another in an office, position, etc.
National Banking Act 1863 - Established system of national charters for banks
zoroastrianism dual gods of equal power to form early monotheism; Persian; cosmic struggle over good and bad; those that do good go to heaven and bad go to hell; influenced Judaism and Christianity
Fort Duquesne French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.
Gold Coast Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. (p. 428)
Tweed Ring (USG) , the corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, started by Burly "Boss" Tweed that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing, Thomas Nast exposed through illustration in Harper's Weekly
William Henry Harrison 9th President of the United States; caught pneumonia during his inauguration and died shortly after
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) anti-segregation group formed in 1960; worked to convince blacks in rural areas and black communities to challenge voting restrictions..
Treaty of San Ildefonso France and Spain, concerned Louisiana; LA goes from Spain to French possession; US sends Munroe to France to buy LA
Dawes Plan An attempt following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. The Ruhr area was to be evacuated by Allied occupation troops. The Reichsbank would be reorganized under Allied supervision. The sources for the reparation money would include transportation, excise, and custom taxes. Relied on money given to Germany by the US. The plan was accepted by Germany and the Triple Entente and went into effect in September 1924.
Samoan Islands 1878 US gets special trading rights & a naval port (Pago Pago) in these islands. they split the islands between U.S. Germay, and G.B.
 
 
 
 
263. Sec. of the Treasury Hamilton 		 
 
 
A leading Federalist, he supported industry and strong central government. He created the National Bank and managed to pay off the U.S.’s early debts through tariffs and the excise tax on whiskey.
Sir Walter Raleigh One of the first English explorers to attempt to make an English Settlement in the new world. tried 2x and named Virginia after Queen Elizabeth I
1586. El Salvador Three U.S. nuns found shot in El Salvador in December, 1980. President Carter had stopped aid to El Salvador's right-wing dictator, but President Reagan started it again.
Tenure of Office Act 1867 prohibited the president from removing senate-approved officials without first gaining the consent of the Senate. Senate's goal was to keep Johnson from firing Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln.
Francis Scott Key A lawyer and poet of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Key wrote the words to " The Star-Spangled Banner" while watching the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, Maryland, in the War of 1812.
Land Act of 1820 authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 per acre in cash, it also brought about cheap transportation and cheap money
Peace of Paris (1783) France and Britain signed this treaty where Great Britain granted America their independence. British wouldn't seek to collect war debts either.
274. Loose, strict interpretation of the Constitution Loose interpretation allows the government to do anything which the Constitution does not specifically forbid it from doing. Strict interpretation forbids the government from doing anything except what the Constitution specifically empowers it to do.
Bronze Age - ended stone age and people began to work metal(easier to form and it stays that way; stronger than stone)- -
1390. McCarran Internal Security Act 1950 - Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war.
Besides providing direct services to immigrants, the reformers of Hull House worked for general goals like antisweatshop laws to protect women and child laborers
Students for a Democratic Society A student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main iconic representations of the country's New Left. The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969.
1374. Extension of OPA vetoed OPA had controlled wartime prices and a watered-down version was approved by Congress to stay in effect after the war, but Truman vetoed it.
657. Wade-Davis Bill, veto, Wade-Davis Manifesto 1864 - Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by vetoing.
When was WWI? What year did US enter? 1914-1918; US entered in 1917
US entry into world war I US tries to be neutral - Neutrality Acts
What are 3 theories on what the Bureaucracy does? 1. Weberian Model
2. The Acquisitive, Monopolistic Bureaucracy
3. Garbage Cans & Bureaucracy
What was the impact of the Haitian independence movement on Latin America? Creole elites viewed it with horror as an example of general social upheaval.