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Autotrophs
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see producers
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Ecosystem
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Communityof different species interacting wiht one another and with the chemical and physical factors making upits nonliving environment
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soil horizons
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O horizon-leaf litter
A horizon-topsoil
B horizon-subsoil
C horizon-parent material; lies on bedrock: unweathered parent rock
B&C contain most of a soil's inorganic matter
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Superfund
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identifies sites polluted with hazardous chemicals, take action to protect groundwater near these sites, and clean up the pollution.
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Biomass energy
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Converted to biopower through combustion. From animal and plant matter. The stuff that we burn. 2 liquid kinds-ethanol and gas engines. No carbon emissions, a lot of land use. Co-firing: when the add biomass to coal plants
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Ecological diversity
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Variety of forests, desrts, grasslands, oceans, streams, lakes and other biological communities interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment
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Geologists who have studied the long-term glacial record have concluded that earths climate history has been market by _______ main periods of glaication.
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5
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radioactive
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isotopes stabilize itself by emitting energy.
the isotopes that emit energy are called radioactive.
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World Population is;US Population;
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6 1/2 billion;300 million
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phosphorus cycle
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the movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment
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beta particles
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ionizing particles emitted from the nuclei of radioactive isotopes
high-speed electrons
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Decomposers
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Organisms that digests parts of dead organisms and cast off fragments and wastes of living organisms by breaking down the complex organic molecules in those materials into simpler inorganic compounds and then absorbing the soluble nutrients. Producers return most of these chemicals to the soil and water for reuse.
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secondary succession
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begins when a disturbance dramatically alters an existing community but does not destroy life all together
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Mutation
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- When cells divide
- DNA is reproduced
- each cell gets a copy
- if an error occurs in teh reproduction of DNA it gets passed to new cells
DNA Change = Mutation
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Oil shale
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is sedimentary rock filled with kerogen and can be processed to produce liquid petroleum.
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lava made up of angular blocks
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AA Lava
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Teddy Roosevelt
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first American president to consider the long-term needs for efficient conservation of national resources
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Natural Gas
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Fastest growing fossil fuel, 1/4 o global commercial energ consumption. Consists primarily of mathane. Biogenic gas- organic matter by bacteria. Thermo- compression and heat deep underground. Greatest in Russia and Middle East and US-lead the world in gas production and gas consumption
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Nonmarket values
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Values not usuallu included in the price of a good or service.
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Secondary consumers
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Organism that feeds only on primary consumers
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Analytical Thinking
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A way of systematic analysis that asks, "How can I break this problem down into its constituent parts?" (11)
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Passive Solar Heat
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using absorptive structures with no moving parts to gether and hold heat
* greenhouse dsign
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Natural Capital
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all of Earth's resources and processes that sustain living organizms, includes minerals, forests, soil, water, air, wildlife,fisheries and humans. Depletion or pollution of these can seriously affect our future's economy
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flood water deposits at edges of flood plain
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natural levee
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Human population growth
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human growth rate is faster than exponential specially most recently
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biosphere
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Zone of earth where life is found. It consists of parts of the atmosphere (the troposphere), hydrosphere (mostly surface water and groundwater), and lithosphere (mostly soil and surface rocks and sediments on the bottoms of oceans and other bodies of water) where life is found. Sometimes called the ecosphere.
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Life expectancy
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The average age that a newborn infant can expect to attain in any given society. (83)
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Crude Oil/ Petroleum
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Mixture of hundreds of different types of hydrocarbon molecules characterized by carbon chains of different lengths.
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term describes how high the river has to be before its considered a flood
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flood stage
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Humans in developed countries
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a. Have the same biotic potential as those in developing countriesb. Have lower fertility rates than humans in developing countriesc. Have a higher standard of living than humans in developing countriesd. Have greater access to education than humans in developing countries
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coral reef hypothesis
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as organisms grow, they add to the rock framework building laterally as well as vertically until the water surface is reached. the growth f coral reefs seres as an additional source of carbon dioxie to the atmoshpere. When ancient reefs are exposed by a drop in seal level, chemical weathering leads to their dissolution. This is the reverse of the reef growth. the growth and destruciton of coral reefs can affect atmosphereic co2 on glacial-interglacial times scales
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MR 4.1
Recycled Content
10% (post-consumer + 1/2 pre-consumer)
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Use materials with recycled content that constitutes 10% of the total value of the materials in the project
PTS-1
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The most effective ways for developed countries to assist developing countries improve environmental stewardship is to
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a. Provide programs for childhood educationb. Provide education opportunities for higher educationc. Provide social programs for caring for the elderlyd. Encourage equal opportunity for women
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Which of the following is probably not a likely cause of a major ice age?
a. reduced solar illumination in the norther hemisphere.
B. reduced methane from reaction with oxygen
C. massive biomass buring
D. Increased organic carbon burial
E. Increased
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C. massive biomass buring
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The "city practical" (or city efficient) era
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more into city infrastructure and land use- The New York City Zoning Plan (1916) - granddaddy to the zoning plan, although Los Angeles City is one of the first to have zoning plan toozoning- what kind of land use, heights, etc. NY- have numbers, number mean height of building- they can be twice the height of the building- the street needs to be able to maintain the capacity of the inhabitants,
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Why does earths climate oscillate between glacial and interglacial states?
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1. change in the degree to which earths orbit around the sun is elliptical (eccentricity)
2. Changes in the tilt of earths spin axis with respect to the plane of its orbit around the sun (obliquity)
3. changes in the orientation of the spin axis with respect to earth's orbit (precession)
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Fav
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Nmv^2/L
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H is
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Hubble constant
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quantum
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called a photon
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Tc
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5/9 (Tf - 32)
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when you see Fnet=0 think
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a=0
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distance = ?
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d = vt
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Electron
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Negatively charged subatomic particle with approx mass of 9.11 X 10 E 37kg
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Cladogram
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A graphic representation of the species, or other taxa, being studied, based on cladistic analysis
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Transverse Wave
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displacement of medium is perpendicular to direction of
travel of wave
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The HR diagram plots...
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luminosity vs. temperature
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bucky factor
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B= incident remnant radiation
transmitted image-forming radiation
=patient dose with grid/patient dose without grid
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vector
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a quantity possessing both magnitude and direction, represented by an arrow the direction of which indicates the direction of the quantity and the length of which is proportional to the magnitude.
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Blue shift
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motion induced shift in light wavelength due to objects moving closer to the observer
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equilibrant
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a single, additional force that is exerted on an object to produce equilibrium, which is the same magnitude as the resultant force, but opposite in direction
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Phosphors may be activated by:
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heat, light, radiation
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tension
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the specific name for the force exerted by a rope or a string
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What is the single most important characteristic in determining the course of a star's evolution?
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mass
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conductor
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material through which heat can be transferred;through which electric charge can flow
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4 VITAL SIGNS:
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HR - BP- RR- TEMP
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investigate
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to examine, study, or inquire into systematically; search or examine into the particulars of; examine in detail.
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acceleration
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the act of accelerating; increase of speed or velocity.
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Spring Constant
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A measure of a spring's stiffness, denoted by k
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Preventive maintenance service
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Periodic internal cleaning and overall evaluation of th ultrasound system describes:
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Emission Spectra
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analysis of intensity of light of different frequencies
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Fossil fuels
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Fossil fuels are fuels that were formed millions of years ago, and they contain energy from the sun.Some fossil fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural gases.
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Used the orbits and eclipses of the moons of Jupiter to estimate the speed of light
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Roemer
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A-a gradient increases ____ torr for every 10% increase in FIO2
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5-6 torr
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When scan lines leave the transducer in different directions to improve detail in an image, it is called?
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Spatial compounding
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a magnetic field is produced by the motion of charged particles
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true
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energy
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the capacity to do work; the property of a system that diminishes when the system does work on any other system, by an amount equal to the work so done; potential energy.
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equipotential surface
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an array of positions within an electric field that all have the same electrostatic potential value. A charge may move along an equipotential surface without requiring or releasing energy.
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electrostatic potential
(electric potential)
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Φ = (kQ)/r
(a scalar, not a vector)
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Kepler's 2nd law
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imaginary line from sun to planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals
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How man Sig. Dig.'s are in 1,000.8?
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5 sig. dig.'s
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The simularity/difference between Columb's law and Newton's law of gravity
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similarity- both vary inversely to the square of the proportiondifference- gravity only attracts while the other attracts and repels
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states that the product of the volume and pressure of a fixed quantity of an ideal gas is constant, given constant temperature. Expressed mathematically, the formula for Boyle's law is:
· V is volume of the gas.
· p is the pressure of the gas.
· k i
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Boyle's Law
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Principle of Superposition
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The overall disturbance at any point and at any time where two waves meet is the vector sum of the disturbance that would have been produced by each of the individual waves.
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centripetal force is described by what law of motion
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Newton's third law
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time dilation
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the effect that time moves more slowly in an inertial frame moving with respect to a stationary one.
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What are the physical supports of the CNS?
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Bones and meninges
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Ground Fault Interrupter (GFI)
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A device that contains an electronic circuit that detects small current differences caused by an extra current path; it opens the circuit, prevents electrocution, and often is required as a safety measure
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Which of the following is NOT an electromagnetic wave?
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Sound
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Which of the following is NOT an electromagnetic wave?
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Chapter 27 Light
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damp film coming out of the dryer is often caused by
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depleted glutaraldehyde
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The human body uses loss of perspiration to control its temperature. At a give air temperature, which of these conditions would produce the greatest loss of thermal energy?
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Breeze and low humidity
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3 general conditions for interference
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tow or more interfering waves travel throguh different regions of space over at least part of teir propagation from source to destination :: the waves are brough together at a common point :: the waves must have the same frequency and a fixed phase relationship
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If the mass of Earth increased, with no change in radius, your weight would
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increase also
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If the mass of Earth increased, with no change in radius, your weight would
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Chapter 12 Universal Gravitation
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How do gas-driven nebulizers work?
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The work by the bernouli effect, entraining water vapor around a small nozzel
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What happens in a curved optical fiber?
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its internally reflected in straight line paths
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What is the consequence of incorrect film-screen matching?
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Decreases latent image formation thus increasing patient dose
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force due to gravity // to the inclined plane
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mg•sinΘ
Note: where Θ is measured b/w incline & horizontal axis
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When using the AEC system, if your image appears too light and the entire back-up mAs/time was not used during the exposure, the problem is usually assoctiated with:
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incorrect positioning over the AEC chamber
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plates and the Theory of Plate Tectonics
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The upper layer of Earth consists of more than a dozen pieces called plates. The Theory of Plate Tectonics says that Earth's plates move ever so slowly in various directions.
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What is the Latent Heat of Evaporation?
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Heat added to a liquid to cause a change of state to a gas/vapor. (One pound of water at 212°F becomes one pound of steam at 212°F when 970.3 BTU's of heat are added)
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Is the melting point of a substance fixed?
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No - it can be increased by increasing external pressure for substances that contract upon freezing (and vice versa - an ice skater's skates push on the ice, decreasing the melting point, and the skater glides on water)
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