| Terms |
Definitions |
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vadose zone
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not wet
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upflow
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evaporation and transpiration; VERTICAL MOVEMENTS
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20%
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world water usage for industry
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25%
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percentage of limestone underlined areas in the US
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Old Faithful Geyser Erupts ever...
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30-90 mi`
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20-30%
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percentage of reduction in water withdraws with improvement of irrigation; lined and covered canals, night irrigation
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Recharge
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The process of infiltration and migration by which ground water is replenished
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Aquifer
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Porous and permeable rock or sediment where groundwater is plentiful and can move easily
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world population
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doubled in the past 50 years
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Nassau County
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groundwater is abundant, but intensive pumping is causing a 15 m decline in water levels;
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Sinkhole
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A circular depression in the ground surface commonly caused by collapse into an underground cavern formed by solution
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Define Sublimation
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ice turns directly to water vapor
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Define Precipitation
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water falls to Earth (rain, snow)
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Permeability
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Measure of the ability of rocks to transmit fluids ~ How well spore space is interconnected
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discharge
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the amount of water passing by a particular location; measured in m3/s
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GW mining
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leads to overdraft which causes a decline in water levels which can cause a water shortage
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1/2
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portion of the US population that uses groundwater as their primary drinking source
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Water Table
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The top of the zone of saturation
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Worldwide, the zone of maximum precipitation lies
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along the equator
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Use of Groundwater
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1) 50% of Americans use groundwater from primary drinking supply.
2) Largest use, irrigation.
3) US uses over 80 billion gallons per day
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Glen Canyon Dam
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built 1963; controls water flow, but there are major environmental impacts including a reduction in water levels and vegetation
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Darcy's Law
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Q=K x I x A; where Q=groundwater, K=HC, I=HG, and A= cross-section of the area flow
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Saltwater Intrusion
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A process by which salt water replaces fresh ground water when the fresh water is being used more rapidly than it is being recharged; especially common in coastal areas
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Define surface runoff
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water flowing above ground that enters surface water bodies
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Where do we find water?
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Ocean, Glaciers, Rivers, Wetlands, Atmosphere, Animals/Humans, Soil, Lakes etc
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San Joaquin Valley, CA
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Ground subsided nearly 9m (30ft) due to groundwater withdrawal.
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annual volume of water
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transferred from oceans to land is balanced by water returned to oceans
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Define Permeability
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a measure of the degree to which the pore spaces are interconnected.
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Soil Moisture
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The water in the soil in the zone of aeration (vadose zone)
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Darcy's Law Equation
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Q = K x A x (ΔH/ΔL)
Q = Discharge
A = Cross-sectional area
K = Hydraulic Conductivity
ΔH/ΔL = Hydraulic Gradient
ΔH = difference in hydraulic head
ΔL = Distance between hydraulic heads
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What are two types of water?
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Surface Water & Ground Water (exists in pore space)
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