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Definitions |
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Menarche
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Beginning of menstruation
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Estrogen
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Female sex hormone
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The medical profession has consistently been biased against women.
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True
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Average # of kidsWhiteBlackAsianNative AmericanLatina
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2.12.12.32.52.8
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“Centerfold Syndrome”Many men prefer to think about women’s bodies as they appear in a magazine, rather than the bodies that belong to the women they know.Women may experience _____________, by adopting an observer’s view of their body- as if thei
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Self Objectifivation
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Modeling
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Watching other and imitating them
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Dysmenorrhea
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Painful cramps in the abdomen
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Meta-analysis
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Statistical method for integrating numerous studies on a single topic
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White-as-normative Concept
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Being white is normal
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Social class is correlated with both…
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morbiditymortality
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Females constitute ___ of the world’s population who typically have too little to eat.
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70%
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A woman’s self-image may deteriorate as she grows bigger
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True
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Doula
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a woman experienced in childbirth present through labor and delivery
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During pregnancy women experience very similar emotions during the 9 months
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False
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As women grow older estrogen production drops rapidly at menopause
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True
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During the excitement stage, _______ rushes to the genital region, causing vasocongestion, or swelling resulting from the accumulation of blood; it also produces droplets of moisture in the vagina.
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Blood
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Self Efficacy
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Feelings of competence and effectiveness
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Gender Schema
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Organize information into two conceptual categories, female and male
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Infancy
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Period between birth and 18 months
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Agency
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A concern with your own self-interests.
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Theme 1:
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Psychological Gender Differences are typically small and inconsistent
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Women are more likely to experience lifelong illnesses, headaches, and general fatigue.
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True
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Women of color who have disabilities experience a triple threat, in which they constantly face sexism, racism, and ______, which is discrimination on the basis of disability.
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Ableism
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Cervical Cancer
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Cervical cancer affects the lower portion of the uterus
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Cons of Parenthood
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Parenthood is an irrevocable decisionSome women and men are afraid they won’t be good parentsSome couples realize that they genuinely do not enjoy childrenSome couples are reluctant to give up a satisfying and flexible lifestyleChildren can interfere with educational and vocational plansRaising children can be expensivePeople can spend time with other people’s children, without having their ownSome couples don’t want to bring children into a world threatened by overpopulation, war, terrorism, and other serious global problems.
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Only ___ of pregnant women in developed countries of the world receive prenatal care. In developing countries, that percentage is even lower.
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65%
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___% of U.S. participants said that sex before marriage is always wrong.
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29%
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Between ___ and ___ couples practice contraception throughout the world.
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50%-60%
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In Canadian and U.S. surveys of sexually active young adults, only about ____ to ___ reported using a contraceptive when they last had intercourse.If we consider women of all ages in the U.S., about ____ of all pregnancies were unintended at the time of c
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25%-40%,1/2
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Confederate
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A person whom the researchers had instructed to act in a certain way
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Menopause
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Stopping of the menstrual period for 12 months. Occurs usually between 45 and 55
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Ovaries
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Contain follicles that hold the eggs and produce estrogen and progesterone
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Confounding Variable
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Any characteristic, other than the central variable being studied, that is not equivalent under all conditions
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Peer Group
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Other children of approximately their own age
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Gender Bias
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Includes all three issues: gender stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination
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Gay male
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a man who is psychologically, emotionally, and sexually attracted to other men
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Operational Definition
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Tells exactly how researchers will measure a variable or characteristic in a study
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Cultural Feminism
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Emphasizes positive qualities that are presumed to be stronger in women than in men. Ex: Caretaking and nurturingSupports cooperation so everyone benefits. Highlights womens' differences
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Heterosexism
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Bias against lesbians, gay males, and bisexuals
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Cardiovascular disease
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Includes disorders of the heart and blood vessels.Is more deadly than all forms of cancer combined.Each year cardiovascular disease kills about 500,000 women in the U.S. and about 27,000 women in Canada.Health professionals may fail to recognize heart attacks in womenWomen are less likely to receive diagnostic testing or treatment for heart disease.Researchers are more likely to study cardiac problems in men than in women.
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a viral disease spread by infected _____, _____, or __________.
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blood, semen or vaginal secretions
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Lesbian Mothers
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The largest number of lesbian mothers became so how?According to one estimate, about 40% of U.S. lesbian couples are raising children.According to studies children raise in homosexual households are similar in characteristics such as intelligence, development, self-esteem, psychological well-being, popularity with peers, and positive feelings about their family.Had a child in a heterosexual relationship and later identified themselves as lesbian
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About ____ of all pregnancies in the U.S. and Canada are terminated by means of a legal abortion.
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1/4
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Adolescent Sexuality
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Adolescent females are more likely to have early heterosexual experience if they reached puberty before most of their peersOther important predictors of females’ early experiences include:Low self-esteemPoor academic performancePoor parent-child relationship/communicationPovertyUse of alcohol and drugsEthnicityPeer pressure
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A women’s age has a strong influence on her enjoyment of sex
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False
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Intersexed Individual
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Has genitals that are not clearly female or clearly male
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Puberty
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Age at which a young person becomes physically capable of sexual reproduction
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androcentric
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The male experience is treated as the norm
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Theme 2:
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People react differently to men and women
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US-centered nationalism
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The belief that the United States dominates over all other countries in the world, which are believed to have lower status
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Researcher Expectancy
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The biases that researchers bring to the study can influence the outcome.
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Practical Significance
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The results have some meaningful and useful implications for the real world
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Empty Nest
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Period after children are no longer living at home
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Critical Thinking
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1. Ask thoughtful questions about what you see or hear.2. Determine whether the conclusions are supported by the evidence that has been presented.3. Suggest alternative interpretations of the evidence.
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Ethnicity has a major effect on smoking rates with the highest numbers in ___________ and the lowest numbers in ___________.
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Native AmericansAsian Americans
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By some estimates, ___ of women in the U.S. have disabilities
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21%
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STD's
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Women are more likely than men to be infected from a single sexual encounter.Young women are three to seven times more likely than young men to have chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis.Five diseases have particularly important consequences for women’s lives. They are HPV, chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, and syphilis.
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Alcohol Abuse
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Binge drinking is defined as five or more drinks in a row for males and four or more drinks in a row for females.When a male and a female with the same body weight consume the same amount of alcohol, the woman will have a significantly higher blood alcohol level.Families and physicians are less likely to identify problem drinking in females than in males.
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Compared the mental health of three groups of women: homemakers, women employed part time; and women employed full time. One year after childbirth did these three groups differ on measures of depression, anxiety, anger, or self-esteem? How?
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did not differ
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Three stages of labor
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Uterus contractions occur about every 5 minutes; dilation of the cervix increases to about 10 cmContractions move baby down and progesterone levels begin to drop; the stage ends when the baby is bornThe placenta separates and is expelled; levels of estrogen and progesterone drop
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Benevolent Sexism
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The more subtle kind of sexism, argues for women’s special niceness and purity
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Surveys suggest that 70% to 90% of all pregnant women experience nausea
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True
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Labia Majora
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Folds of skin located just inside the thighs
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One of the best predictors of contraceptive use in developing countries is _________.
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Female Literacy Rate
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Compaired to women; men...
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think about sex more frequentlywant sexual activities more frequentlyinitiate sexual activities more frequentlyare more interested in sexual activities without romantic commitmentprefer a greater number of sexual partners
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Androgynous
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A person who scores high on both a femininity test and a masculinity test
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Gender Identity
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A girl's realization that she is a girl and vice versa
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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Features of the body related to reproduction but not directly involved in it.Ex: Breasts and pubic hair
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Female genital mutilation/ Female genital cutting
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Involves cutting or removing the female genitalsExtremely painful and creates health problemsCan cause severe blood loss and infections, damage to other organs, and difficulty in childbirthAlso called female circumcisionIn about 30 countries approx. 100 million girls and women have experienced genital mutilation, most living in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.
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Women’s health status, sexually transmitted infections, and substance abuse are all topics in health psychology, an interdisciplinary area in psychology that focuses on…
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causes and treatment of illnessillness prevention health improvementall of the above
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A preterm birth is defined as less than 37 weeks’ gestation, and a preterm birth places a child at risk for medical complications. Woman who are at risk for preterm births are…
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Poorly educatedoverly thinBlack
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Obstacles to using birth control
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Parents and educators often avoid discussing birth control to avoid “giving them any ideas”Some women can’t obtain contraceptive services or productsSome women have sexual intercourse without much planningPeople may not think rationally about the consequences of sexual activityTraditional women believe if they obtain contraceptives they would be admitting they plan to have intercourseBelief that birth control devices interrupt the moodMany young women are forced to have sexual intercourse
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In the U.S., ___ of couples who are of childbearing age use some kind of contraceptive.
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74%
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Sexual Desire
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A need or drive to seek out sexual objects or to engage in sexual activitiesAssociated with a variety of sex hormones, but social and cultural factors are similarly importantGender differences are larger than most other psychological gender differences
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Statistical Significance
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The results are not likely to occur by chance alone
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Gender as a subject variable
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Characteristic within a person that influences the way he or she acts
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____ of women with disabilities live alone, in contrast to ___ of women without disabilities.
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28% 8%
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In the U.S., ____ of women and ____ of men smoke cigarettes.
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22%, 26%
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The failure to conceive after _____ of sexual intercourse without using contraception.As estimated __ to __ of couples in the U.S. are infertile.
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12 months, 10%, 15%
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Biases against women in the health-care system
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Women have often been neglected in medicine and in medical researchGender stereotypes are common in medicineMedical care provided to women is often irresponsible or inadequatePhysician-patient communication patterns often makes women feel relatively powerless
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Pregnant WomenThis term often makes women see themselves as…
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This term often makes women see themselves as…Having no identity aside from pregnant
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Gender as a stimulus variable
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A characteristic or a person to which other people react
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Worldwide about 50 million abortions are preformed each year; about ___ of these abortions are illegal.
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40%, no one recommends abortion as a constant form of birth control
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