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What are some of the ways music is used?
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-Praise/ worship
-marker of one's identity
- entertainment
-meditation
-political protests -> Civil Rights Movement
-military -> bands rallying the troops
-work songs -> folk music
narration -> storytelling
inform people of current events -> Griot
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Umm Kulthum
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-popular Egyptian singer
-Bohlman argues that she became famous because she followed tradition
-Virginia Davidson believes her recitation was her reason for being popular
-she broke all the rules -> secular songs (about love and romance), by a woman, wrote her own music, she elevated woman expectation to sing in Arab with no stigmas attached, she used aspects of Western popular music to accent her music
-she introduced electric guitar in Arab orchestra
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India's Economy
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-socialist, deisnged to foster social reliance & autonomy
-everything was made in India
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Pop Music
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-urban, performed by professionals but not highly trained, don't have an intellectual view of their work
-has a low degree of sophistication
-diffusion has been through broadcast & recording
-pop,classical, folk is becoming increasingly hard to distinguish b/w the three
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Huddue Ledbetter
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-From Louisiana
-though of himself as a commercial pop star and not a folk musician
-Lomax made records with them-> marked him as a primitive folk singer
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Main Categories of Music
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Folk -performed by amateurs/ non-commercial (repertoire of fold music is determined by tradition handed down in society
Art (Classical) - performed by trained professionals/ patronage (state or pride)
Pop - commercial form of music -> generates own income/ combines elements of folk & art/ may or may not be trained professionals/ rapid turnover
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Record Labels
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-Independent labels seem to sign anybody to see if they will sell
-When Jazz became popular, the corporate dictated the musical style to appeal to mainstream
-B-Pop was incomprehensible by the mainstream, toured to try to sell-> became popular after a while & all the big labels came after him
-S. American b/c they owned their own plants they could record what they wanted
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Drone
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-reed instrument with fixed pitch (along with overtones)
-Tanpura
-Keeps the tone center -> in tuned with taala
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Art Film (Pather Panchali) 1955
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-directed by Satyajit Ray/ soundtrack by Shankar/ Depiction of a novel/ takes place in 1920s
-roughly translated into Song of the Road
- small, independent film
-criticizes society & tradition -> concentrates on poverty ..looks at the poor & they live
(Indians are proud people some were angry because Ray b/c he didn't show how modern India was becoming...criticized for not showing good side...said he was too Western)
-Movie is played by Brahmins (tend to be the poorest caste)
-Father comes from priestly family -> optimistic, pushover, shy, respected, dreamer
-Wife -> unsatisfied, angry, frustrated, isolated.. no one came to help her
-Neighbors -> are a little better off than the family
-Durga -> had outside desires, constantly hungry, complex character
-Apu -> loved his sister dearly, privilieged over sisters, treated this way b/c he will carry on family name, expected to take care of parents & stay home, when Durge gets married she leaves & moves in w/ her husband (creates tension b/w mother & daughter) ... Apu is their insurance, being trained & pampered so that he can survive & take care of their family
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Acculturation contact b/w cultures
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-Reggae -> Rhythms blues, African music and mento in Jamaica
-Jazz -> African music, Creole culture, European dances
-Bollywood -> Jazz, Indian classical, Persian art, African drums
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Film Soundtracks
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-helped to solve language barriers (Muslim, Urdu), it was music that everyone could relate to, accessible way to distribute music throughout the country, movies were less expensive, distributed by the radio
-film music was banned on the radio, gov't doesn't want this decadence music ruining (high) our culture only wanted them to play light classical and vocal
-Pakastani & tri Lanka broadcasted music, India govt realized there ppl were listening & so they let film music on the radio to get the audience back
-film music became standard for popular music but India intellectuals hated this because they thought that it was dumbing down the masses (introduced western decadence on Romance & love) -> intellectuals that it was a mish mash of music & it wiped out regional music
-folk musi cadopted some of the melodies of film music
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Dynamic of power b/w scholar and music
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-there is an inherent dynamic -> scholar introduces themselves as the authority -> some of the people who participate might fell obligated even though they are reserved ...creating an imbalance of power
-person who sings has the power over the interviewer
-Could they be sharing music and doing the preserving of music? Is it exploitative? Is it stealing?
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Honved Dance Theater
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-Performance of the "wedding" -> seemed dreamy and sort of authentic, relied on folk song and folk dance for its primary materials, which were their authenticity so all could hear and see
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Cassette Technology
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-Cheaper, more recorded music time
-bigger impact in the 3rd world countries (cinemas at the time was the main streamer of pop music)
-portable and you could record yourself
-created smaller regional markets (regional music coming to the forefront, making it into the commercial sphere)
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Origins of Music in Asia
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-Shiva -> originator of music...is seen holding the drum
-Sarasvati -> originator of music & art ...holds a veena
-Krishna -> holds the flute
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Music Industry Oligopoly
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-recording industry -> run by small croup of country
-RCA, WEA (American), CBS (JAPAN), EMI (Britain), Polygraph Philips (Dutch -> invented the cassette)
-criticize for control; technology, market, plants, stifle competition, co-opt small countries, promoting western thought over indigenous people homogenizing western pop music & dumbing down the masses
-corporation realized they could make money recording regional music -> belly dancing craze, Afro- Cuban music, indigenous music
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India's Music Monopoly
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-no imports allowed
(GCI) was successful because they made homogeneous music, which was Bollywood (through the movies)
-Bollywood disregarded regional music,recorded all music in Hindi
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Film industry
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-started in India (1896) ->1902 commercial records manufactured / GCI [Britain] record plant (1908)
-There was an illusion of more companies by having smaller companies by different names
-Early GCI roster included different types of music, very fond of light classical music b/c most classical is instrumental & sung in Hindi or Ordu (Popular among the masses-> wealthy class..villages didn't have electricity)
-GCI avoided rural style music popular in rural areas b/w they weren't buying the music..also because there were many regional dialects
-Ghazal-> song in urdu about unrequainted love) art music, light classical, sophisticated poetry, knocks out some of the audience
-Qawwali-> Muslim devotional music, doesn't appeal to Hindus
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Polka
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-went from world to folk music
-originated from Czech Republic
-tend to be assoc. with one community-> equated w/ Polish culture
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Arab music in Cairo in 1932
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-different attitudes about what music was and how it should be performed
-(Paul Hindemith & Bela Bartok)
-Western composers has a different view of where Arab should be going..Euopeans thought it would be better for them to stick to tradition -> Arab music utilizes notes (microtones) -> not to take it into the future
-Arabs wanted to integrated modern instruments ...westerns thought they should stick to traditional music
-Europeans went into the Conference thinking they were superior, believed Arab music was a thing of the past
-West is progressive so they tried to push them back because they were static ...and they shouldn't move forward
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Asians Contributors to Music Theory
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-Arab scholars, Al Farabi translated Aristotle's problems in the 10th century CE into Arabic -> basis of music theory
-Avicenna, translated Greek classic music into Latin -> work basis for our Western music theory
Arabs translated Greek classics into Arab and West translated it into English
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Orientalism
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-pointed out inequity between perceived categories of east/west
-argues that Europe/USA has always judged Asia as the "other"
-internalized attitude because of centuries of dealing with them
-West is considered masculine, rational, they deal with things generally direct, is empirical (scientific), considers themselves to have a sense of history (linear time), considered natural born leaders
-Asia is considered feminine, irrational, inscrutable (unreadable), artistic, no sense of time (cyclical), seen as natural born followers
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Art Film (Pather Pan
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-Auntie Andira -> Loved Durga, father's sister, mom sees her as bad influence on Durga & as an extra mouth to feed, widow (seem to be unlucky b/c they survived their husband, bad luck)
-train symbolizes possibilities, modernity, a way out
-outdoor play -> Jatra , possible antecedent for Bollywood live films
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What does music mean in different cultures?
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-Islamic conceptions of music -> Qira'ah (Recitation of the Qur'an but not music) Musiqa (Non-religious music borrowed from the Greek) Sama (refers to hearing & listening)
-Japanese culture -> "ma" ( is the silence in between the notes)
-"Sangita" -> includes song, instrumental music, dance & drama (literal translation means complete song)
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Karnatak Music
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-Purely Indian in origin and derives from Hindu temple music -> played in sacred temples
-main instruments are the voice, veena, and Western violin
-derives from vocals-> which is called Keerthana
-if there is no vocal, then music resembles a vocal
-Varna -> intro/warm-up
-Kriti - set form of music performance
-Pallavi - vocal refrain
-Annpallavi - subsection of refrain
-Caranam - stanza/ verse of lyric
Varnam-> Raga -> Tana-> Pallavi -> Karnatam
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Changing Bollywood
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-late 70s action films became possible
-Indian popular music became funkafide
-critics thought that it was getting dumb-downed again
-developmental state realism -> movies that promote modern progress
-identity oriented realism -> 70s middle class almost inexistent ..movies pushed ppl toward middle class
-aesthetic of mobilization -> movies had things that were provoking for the masses to get involved with the country
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Demonstation Music
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-meant to have commercial appeal
-from the bottom up
simple culture is easy to study (small scale society)
-tired to go back to the origins of primitive music (rural, tribal)
-makes a statement about S. Africa as primitive
(this music was never used creating the sense that one part of the county was more civilized than the other
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Ethnomusicology
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"the study of social and cultural aspects of music and dance in local and global contexts.
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Arab Music
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-Muisiqa -> Instrumental
-Ghinah -> Vocal
-Adhan -> Call to Prayer (Not considered music)
-Qiar'ah -> Recitation (Not considered music)
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Cassettes Players
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-made their way to India through workers from U.S
-policies changed in India b/w 1972 & the 80s
-'95 consumer electronic doubled -> cassette was easily manufactured (G.C.I. did not have monopoly on cassette)
-cassette producers filled the vacuum on the non-tapped regional music
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Bollywood Themes
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-Oral epics (Storytelling) - plot & structures in movies reflect those of storytelling / religious convocations
-Social Justice themes creeped in -> caste, inequalities, widow's remarry
-Most themes were unsuccessful in the 60s -> most movies just restate status quo
-Bollywood was very successful in bringing to life communal relations, bringing together people from different religions
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Theories of Pop Culture
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Conservative Elitism
-T.S. Elliot -> saw masses as British domination, thought popular music dumb down high culture from below, saw elite music as the best
Neo-Marxist Critical Theory
- Adorno, Marcuse, Horkheimer -> thought the pop culture was a threat and contrast to "serious" music, thought it was invented by the elites & tries to keep the masses dumb, domination from above
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Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
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-Best known as a religious singer -> Sufi
-Crossover artist (Def Jamish) -> never left his religion
-Islamic Devotional Singer
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Lage Raho Munna Bhai
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-Director makes uses of Stereotypes
-kidnapped bureaucrat, deputy chief engineer, because of zoning for building... land grabbing is huge problem in India
-organized crime -> very common in Mumbai
-birth certificates aren't common -> proving your identity is hard
-friendships in India are extremely close
(Jhanvi) -> middle class working woman/ not a complex character/ orphan, no parents
(Hari) -> seemed really American/ took his father to old folk's home-> byproduct of new affluence- not common in Old India
-Today, men & women both have careers, they do not stay in extended families in the cities
-Changes aesthetic of beauty (Jhavnvi) -> similiar to common Hollywood actresses (it used to be that more voluptuous women were preferred)
-When Munnabhai saw Ghandi, he went to a shrink -> not very common in India
-Mobile has become a status symbol -> service is good, cheap,and readily available
-Views on Astrology -> seemed to be that it is nonsense...tries to preach modernity
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History of Pop Music
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-started in 19th century in Europe & US w/ publishing sheet music
-brodsides (sheet music on one side & news on the other)
-player piano (play set tunes)
-Eddison invented wax cylinder (there were time constraints, can only get 4 mins. -> musical medium of 10 delinates how the piece will be composed 2 mins, songs
(1950s & 60s) songs became longer - Album 22-25 mins. on each side -> Music changed b/c of format
-Corporations (CBS, EMI, RCA, WEA) - determined who got signed and what became popular
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Music of the Middle Passage
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-slave trade -> Africa to the Americas
-Slaveholders and missionaries wrote about African Music ->very condensing and belittling
(people who wrote about the music were not musicians so they really didn't know what they were talking about)
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Emic/ Etic
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- (Emic) Insider's view
- (Etic) Objective view
-Problem with Etic is that you might being come of your baggage with you. Your bringing your types of music and ideas from your culture with you...therefore it is not completely objective.
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Folk Music
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-music tied to a particular place and people world music is more of an amountimation that gives it appeal outside of regions
-tells you something about the people singing it -> narrative to it
-folk music tells you about the past
-denotes national identity
-performed by reg. people, amateur music-> not copyrighted
-termed was coined by Johann Herder
-songs about rites of passage
-have floating verses that are repeated in many songs
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Bollywood
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-(1896) Bollywood 1st started -> Bombay Film industry
-Gov't initially didn't give alot of support...didn't see it as a valid art form, therefore film was created on artificial sets, low budget -> changed later to high budgets & actual sites
-Gov't saw it as a source of tax revenue (1962) The Film Finance Corp.
-Film Jargon in India called "Mythical"
-1st film called Harischandra in 1913 -> story taken from Mahabharata
-has two stars, 6 songs, & 3 dances...bound by sterotypical & archetypal plots (Both of these are blamed on the gov't and censorship) -> have a pronounced lack of reality, movies are based on cultural aspects of india
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Criticisms of Pop Culture
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Simon Frith thinks that pop culture enriches our society and borrows from high culture
ex. jazz culture -> played in places of high art, started from grassroots & now it is in the classical realm
-Formulaic -> they all sound similar ex. autotune
-Influx of things on the market -> music is consumed passively than actively engaging, such as CDs
-Commercialism has altered the meaning of some things -> when you put a song together with a commercial, it changes the meaning, artistic value is still there
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How has music changed?
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-Performer and listenener fon't have to be in contact with each other...because we have media, ipods, cd, and tapes
-People all use to play musical instruments and tolday music has become less passive art than an active one because of our flow of products
-less live performances in an amateur sense
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Invention of cassettes
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-invented in 1962 by Netherlands for dictophone machines in offices / magnetic tape came from Germany
-had no intentions until people started using these to record music / very expensive
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socialist theory
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-argued that cinema had been divided in 3 main categories in India -> Art Films, Movies of the Middle Ground, & Commercial
-Art Films -> producer Satyajit Ray...criticized society and tradition
-Movies of the middle ground -> seem to support poor but reject value of poor
-Commercial -> movies always end up holding & romanticizing traditional values
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Music of the Orient
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-Large, scale orchestras
-more close to European ideal of art
-meant for scholars
-makes a statement about N. Africa as civilized
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Celtic Music
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-simultaneously folk music and world music
-myth and history in celtic music -> relies on myths it narrates about it
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Hindustani Music
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- North India
-music heavenly influenced by Muslim royal courts
-some influences are from outside India
-native instruments and some modern ones
-performances have aspects of Islamic culture
-main instruments are usually string instruments or voice (sitar, sarod, sarangi : melody), (Drone: keeps tone; has a fixed pitch), (Taala: keeps the rhythm aka drums)
-Alap (means conversation) -> aLAP (no rhythm) -> Jor (when the rhythm pulse is introduced) -> Jhala (when the rhythm and vocalists gets "hot") : This ends the 1st part
-2nd part is called the Gat -> intro with the drums
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Harry Smith
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-anthropologist
- known for anthology of American folk music
-project uses recording to make a record of recordings ..popular music was music of folk...tried to help foster civil rights in the US by mixing previously segregated music, making the performer unknown
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