Complete List of Terms and Definitions for 8AB: Organic Chemistry I

Terms Definitions
polymers what we call the large molecules made from chained monomers
Ethanol used in alcoholic beverages, drugs, antiseptics
Parent Chain The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
Substituted Hydrocarbons formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon chain or ring is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms
ethers an organic compound with 2 hydrocarbon groups bonded to the same O atom
Cracking The process by which heavier fractions of petroleum are converted to gasoline by breaking their large molecules into smaller molecules
alkyne unsaturated hydrocarbon in which at least one pair of carbon atoms is joined by a triple covalent bond
Alkanes Hydrocarbons that have only single bonds between atoms.
Hydrocarbons The simplest organic compounds, which contain only the elements carbon and hydrogen
esters organic compounds with carboxylic acid groups that have the H in the hydroxyl replaced by an alkyl group
isomers organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
functional group an atom or group of atoms that always reacts in a certain way
carboxylic acids hydrocarbons with an oxygen atom double bonded to the carbon atom, as well as a hydroxyl (OH) group
Organic acid substitued hydrocarbons that contain the carboxyl group (-COOH)
alkene unsaturated hydrocarbon in which at least one pair of carbon atoms is joined by a double covalent bond
rubber natural, elastic polymer found from a tree
substituent any atom or goup of atoms that can take the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule
Aromatic Compounds Organic compounds that contain benzene rings as part of their structure
glucose C6H12O6 - monomer found in complex carbs, celluose
Alkynes Unsaturated Hydrocarbons that contain on or more triple bonds between carbon atoms in a chain
Ethylene Glycol used as an antifreeze
Ester Combination of an alcohol and an organic acid; pleasant aromas and tasty
cyclic hydrocarbon hydrocarbons form a ring
monomers what we call the small molecules polymers are made from
cracking breaking down larger hydrocarbons into smaller ones through the use of chemical reactions
amides organic compounds with an amino group bonded to a carbonyl group (--CONH2)
acetone simplest ketone - nail polish remover
ethanol the alcohol in liquor (fermentation)
Alkenes Unsaturated Hydocarbons that contain one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms in a chain
benzene cyclic hydrocarbon with alternating single/double bonds
composites two or more materials laid into each other as a mixture - tends to create strong, lightweight structures useful for a variety of purposes
plastics types of polymers which can be molded into set, durable shapes
ketones organic compounds with a carbonyl group (CO, double bonded) between 2 carbon chains
addition polymerization reaction where uncoupling the double bond from an alkene helps to form a series of identical monomers chained together
Ester examples strawberry, banana, pineapple flavoring
Fractional Distillation The process by which petroleum can be seperated into simpler components, called fractions, as they condense at different temperatures
branched chain a parent chain with an additional hydrocarbon structure attached
Alcohol examples methanol, ethanol and phenol
Alcohols one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced by a hydroxyl group (-OH)
Geometric Isomers Isomers in which all atoms are bonded in the same order but are arranged differently in space
acetic acid (CH3COOH) a carboxylic acid known as vinegar
Organic Compound Applied to all carbon containing compounds with the primary exceptions of carbon oxides, carbides, and carbonates, which are considered inorganic. Organic Chemistry is devoted to the study of carbon compounds
halogenated compounds compounds with a Halogen attached in place of the hydrogen in a hydrocarbon to form a functional group
condensation polymerization reaction where a polymer is made from two hydrocarbons with water as the byproduct
Formaldehyde used in the preservation of biological specimens
Halogenated compound examples Freon and chloroform
Substituent Groups All side branches, because they appear to substitute for a hydrogen atom in the straight chain
cross-linking Name of plastics with weak intermolecular forces
PVA polyvinyl alcohol - used in latex paint, adhesives, textile coatings
covalent bond chemical bonding in which electrons are shared rather than transferred
alkane saturated hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single covalent bonds
PVC polyvinylchloride (vinyl) can be manufacture soft or hard as sheets or molded into objects
Chloroform used as an anasthesia and a solvent for rubber and waxes
unsaturated hydrocarbon one or more of the bonds between carbon atoms is a double covalent or triple covalent bond
aldehydes organic compounds with a carbonyl group (CO, double bonded) attached to a carbon at the end of a carbon chain
Structural Isomer Atoms of structural isomers are bonded in different orders
Organic acid Examples Formic acid and acetic acid
saturated hydrocarbon straight-chain or branched chain in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single covalent bonds. (example - alkene group)
Isomers Two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures
amines organic compounds containing an amino acid - where a nitrogen is bonded to two hydrogens in place of a hydrocarbon