Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Biochemistry and organic chemistry

Terms Definitions
Namin Carboxylic acids 1) identify longest chain- replace the -e ending with -oic acid. 2) number the carbon chain with the carboxyl carbon as carbon 1. 3. Give the location and names of the substituents on the main chain.
Cell Smallest structural unit of living organisms
Aliphatic hydrocarbons have no benzene rings
Ester Linkages The bonds that join the giycerol to the fatty acids
Trans-oleic acid regular linear order of atoms
Reduced forms of matter gasoline, coal, and sugars- high in energy
Lipid Bilayer Form the cell membrane, where the polar parts can interact with the aqueous environment of the cell and the nonpolar part can interact with each other
Triose monosaccharide iwth 3 carbon atoms
Cholesterols are precursors for: the body to synthesize other steroids such a testosterone and estrogen
Naming Alcohols (1st step) 1) name the longest chain of carbons containing the -OH group; replace the -e in the alkane name with -ol.
Fructose ketohexose found in fruits and veggies (fruit sugar)
Carbonyl group C=O: carbon double bonded to oxygen
Galactose Aldohexase found in brain and nervous system of most animals (brain sugar)
Carboxyl Group Combination of carbonyl group (C=O) and hydroxyl group (-OH)
Dipeptide resulting 2 amino acid molecule
ketopentose 5 carbon monosaccharide that is a ketone
Functional Groups Specific groups of atoms that cause compounds to undergo similar chemical reactions **characterisit structures**
saturated hydrocarbon every carbon atom has bonded to 4 other atoms
Ethers Characteristic structural feature is an oxygen atom bonded to 2 carbon atoms **CH3--O--CH3
Pentose Monosaccaride with 5 carbons
Disaccharide composed of 2 monosachharides linked together
Sterol` Contains an oxygen atom as a hydroxyl (-OH) group
Naming aromatic comounds: 2 or more substituents benzene ring is numbered to give the lowest number to the substituents (named alphabetically)
Oxidizing related to energy releases engery: humans consume food, food is oxidized in the digestive tract and energy is used to live
Ethers Name each alkyl group (or any) attached to the oxygen atom in alphabetical order followed by the word "ether"
Aromatic Hydrocarbons contain at least 1 benzene ring (extract smell) **C(n)H(n)
Amino acids differ from each other by their side chains
Naming Alcohols (3rd step) Name and number other substituents relative to the -OH group
Amides Derivatives of carboxylic acid in which a nitrogen group replaces the hydroxyl group
Ester Similar to carboxylic acid but oxygen is attached to carbon instead of hdyrogen: CH3COOCH3 or CH3CO2CH3
Alpha linkage oxygen atom joining neighboring glucose unites points down relative to the planes of the rings *Starch*; glycogen is similar, but massive numbers of branches
Monosaturated fatty acid carbon chain with 1 double bonds
Halo Groups A halogen is attached to a carbon chain (floro, chloro, bromo, iodo)
Ketose Carbonyl group on the 2nd carbon atom as ketone (C=O)
Naming simple amides Drop off the -ic acid or -oic acid and add suffix "-amide"
Polysaturated fatty acid carbon chain with 2 or more double bonds
Naming aromatic compounds: bezene ring is a substuent group named as a phenly group
Simple sugar/carbs monosaccharides and disaccharides
Organic chemistry the study of organic compounds *Chemistry of carbon*
Methane CH4
Naming Alcohols (2nd step) # the longest chain to give -OH group the lowest number
Cholesterol One of the most important and abundanct steriods in the body: part of cell membrane
Hexose monosacchardie with 6 carbons
Cis Isomer Have carboxylic acid groups on the same side fo the double bond
Benzene Ring 6-membered ring structure of carbon with alternating double bonds- found in aromatic hydrocarbons
Lipids Family of biomolecules that have the common property of being soluble in organic (nonpolar) solvents but not very soluble in water
Naming Amines For simple amine the alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom are listed in alphabetical order. Prefizes di- and tri- are used to indicates 2 and 3 identical substituents
Structural formula show bond lines for all covalent bonds in a molecule- provides more info on internal structure of molecule than molecular formula
Naming Esters first word indicates the alkyl part of alcohol, second word indicates the carboxylate name of the carboxylic acid
cycloalkanes have only single bonds and form rings **C(n)H(2n)
Fats and oils Triacylglycerols/Triglycerides: they are trimesters of glycerol and fatty acid, glycerol is associated with 2 fatty acids
tetrose monosaccharide with 4 carbons
Beta Linkage Oxygen atoms are roughly parallel with the planes of the rings but pointing slightly up *cellulose*
Aldehydes Carbon atom of the carbonyl group is bonded to another carbon and one hydrogen atom
Glycosidic Linkage 2 monosaccharides react and eliminated water to form carbon-oxygen-carbon bond that connects the 2 monosaccharide rings
4 main components of cells carbohydrates, lipids, protiens, nucleic acids
Comformation Shapr of a protien is crucial to function- the exact shape of protien is dependednt on the type of amino acids in the protien and the order that they appear in the protien
Alkynes contain at least 1 triple bond **C(n)C(2n-2), end in "-yne"
Cis-oleic acid Not linear- has a kink in the double bonds: naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds predominately in this formation
Naming Alchohols (4th step) when the -OH group is attached to a benzene ring, its named "phenol"; when there is a 2nd sub. on benzene ring, the ring in numbered from carbon 1, which is attached to -OH group, to give lowest possible # to the subsituent
Side chains/ R groups can be very different chemically: nonpolar or polar, acidic or basic, very small or huge- these differences determine the structure of the protien and its properties
structure of carbs aldehydes and ketones taht contain multiple -OH groups
Meth- 1 carbon atom
aldehyde -CHO
Alcohols Characterisitic functional group is the hydroxyl (-OH) group bonded to a carbon atom **CH3--CH2--OH
Naming aromatic compounds: contain single substituents named as benzene derivatives
aldose carbonyl group in on first carbon as adlehyde
Organic compound those that contain primarily carbon: present in (or produced by) living organisms
alkanes contain on single bonds **C(n)H(2n+2)** ends with "-ane"
Polymers large molecules that consist of small repeating units called monomers
Amino Acids Molecules containing amine group, carboxylic group, and aR group (also called a side chain)
Phospholipids Have the same basic structure as triglycerides, except that 1 of the fatty acid group is replaced witha phosphate group. Is polar and has another polar group attached to it: has polar and nonpolar section
Oxidized forms of matter Low in energy (CO2 and H2O)
Alkyl Groups Attached groups that contain only carbon and hydrogen **single bond**- cant exist alone, must be attached to parent chain
parent compound longest continuous chain of carbons- gives the end name of compound:: first part of name indicates the groups attached to the parent chain
Protiens Polymers of amino acids
Hydrophobic Nonpolar part of phospholipid- water hating
Steriod Hormones Chemical messengers that serve as a kind of communication system from one part of the body to another: includes sex hormones and adrenocortical hormones
Steroids Compounds taht contain steriod nucleus- large molecules, though they arent considered fatty acids
Uses of Lipids cell membranes (keeping an aqueous solution from an exterior water environment) long term energy storage, insulation
Primary Alcohol has one alkyl group attached to the carbon bonded to the -OH
Saturated fatty acids carbon chain with no double bonds
Unsaturated Fat Triglyceride with an unsaturated fatty acid (oil) liquid at room temperature
Aryl Group Benzene ring structure is a functional group attached to a larger compound
Aldohexose 6 carbon structure that is an aldehyde
Benzoic acid Aromatic carboxylic acid: with the carbonyl carbon bonded to carbon 1, the ring is numbered in the direction that gives the substiuent the smallest possible number
Polymers of glucose differ only in type of glycosidic bond and amount of branching in the cell
Copolymers consist of 2 different kinds of monomers which add together
Amide the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acid is replaced by nitrogen group
Alkenes Contain at least 1 double bond; end with "-ene": functional group double bonded between 2 adjacent carbon atoms
naming alkenes and alkynes 1) name the longest chain of carbon with a double or triple bond, 2) number the carbon chain starting from the end nearest a double bond or triple bond. 3) Give the location and name of each substituent as a prefix to the name
Complex carbs polysaccharides
3 biologically important polysaccharides Starch, sugar, glycogen
Esters formed when a carboxylic aid reacts with an alcohol: the -H of the carboxylic acid is replaced by an alkly group
Condensed structural formula shows hydrogen atoms right next to carbon atoms to which they are bonded (horizontal lines omitted as well)
monosaccharides *glucose* carbs that cant be broken down into simplier carbs: simple sugars with an unbranched chain of 3 to 6 carbon atoms with 1 carbon in the carboxyl group and the rest attached to the hydroxyl group
Fuel source for cells blood
Receptors lock and key of protiens
Carboxylic Acids Functional group is the carboxyl group: CH3COOH or CH3CO2H
Trans isomer Has carboxylic acid groups attached on the opposite sides of the double bond
Condensation polymers eliminate an atom or a small group of atoms during polymerization
Glycolipids Similar structure to phospholipids except the polar section is usually a sugar (glucose) molecule
Naming Ketones 1) name the longest carbon chain containing the carbonyl group. replace the -e in the alkane name with -one. 2) # the main chain starting form the end nearest the carbonyl group. Place the # of carbonyl carbon is front of the ketone name. 3) name and # any subsituents on the carbon chain
Polypeptide short chains of amino acids
Peptide bond Amine end of of amino acid reacts with the carboxylic end of another amino acid and creates this bond
Hydrocarbons compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen only
Biochemistry the study of the chemical substances and processes taht occur in plants and microorganism
Steroid nulceus 4 carbon ring fused together
Tertiary Alcohol has three alkyl group attached to the carbon bonded to the -OH
How alcohols are classified By the number of carbon groups attached to the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group
Hydrophilic Polar part of phospholipid- water loving
unsaturated hydrocarbons at least 1 carbon atom has either a double or triple bond
Structural formula of methan CH4
Ketone Carbonyl group is bonded to 2 other carbon atoms
Phenyl group Benzene ring attached to a parent compound
Naming hydrocarbons 1) name the longest strand of carbon, 2) number the carbons in chain (do so so substituent groups appear on lowest # carbon possible, 3) give the name and location (in alphabetical order) as a prefix to the name of the main chain
Polypeptides turn to protiens when- there are more than 50 amino acids in a chain
Position of carbonyl group effects the size of the cyclic ring
Example of lipids fatty acids, fats, oils, phospholipids, glycolipids, steriods
Naming Aldehydes 1) name the longest chain of carbons containing the carbonyl group. replace the -e endig with -al. No # is required. 2) name and # any substiuents
Fatty Acids Long carbon chain with a carboxylic acid group at one end (insoluble in water)
Isomers compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
Cyclic Structure rings: monosaccharide structure
Secondary Alcohol has two alkyl groups attached to the carbon bonded to the -OH
An amide is produced when- a carboxylic acid reacts with an ammonia or an amine: molecule of water is eliminated
Amine Central atom is nitrogen atom: derived from NH3 (ammonia) carbon atoms replace 1,2, or 3 of hydrogen atoms: CH3-NH2 or CH3-NH-CH2 or CH3-CH3-N-CH3
-diene endings alkenes: have 2 double bonds
Saturated Fat Triglyceride with saturated fatty acids- tend to be solid at room temperature
carbohydrates primary molecules used to short term energy storage in living organisms: comprised of carbon and water
Glucose C6H12O6 (blood sugar) An aldehyde with -OH groups on most carbon ato`ms. So many -OH groups make glucose soluble in water and blood and the aqueous interior of cells
Polysaccharide Polymer of many monosaccharides joined together
Additional polymers form from one type of monomer simply by linking together without eliminating any atoms