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Definitions |
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Vouchers
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Checks or written documents that parents can use to purchase educational services.
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Icon
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Pictures displayed on computer screens that act as symbols for some action or item.
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Compensatory education programs
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Government attempts to create more equal educational opportunitites for disadvantaged youth
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Simulation
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Programs, either in software or Web-based form that model a system or process.
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Four Basic Models of Instruction
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1. Direct instruction
2. Lecture-discussion
3. Guided discovery
4. Cooperative learning
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Metaphysics or ontology
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Branch of philosophy that considers the nature of reality
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The Extracurriculum
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-Consists of learning experiences that extend
beyond the core of students' formal studies
-Includes clubs, sports, school plays, and other
activities that don't earn academic credit
-Low-ability students, members of cultural
minorities, & students placed at-risk are less
likely to participate in extracurricular activities.
-Students who participate in extracurricular
activities have:
1. higher academic performance and attainment
2. reduced dropout rates
3. lower rates of substance abuse
4. less sexual activity among girls
5. better psychological adjustment, including
higher self-esteem and reduced feelings of
social isolation
6. reduced rates of delinquent behavior
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Professionalism
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An occupation characterized by a specialized body of knowledge with emphasis on autonomy, decision making, reflection, and ethical standards for conduct.
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Characteristics of Productive Learning Environments
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1.Focuses on learning
2 Focuses on learners
a. Classrooms as learning communities
b. Emphasis on personal and social development
c. A positive classroom climate
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Religion and the Law
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-First Amendment to the Constitution provides for
the separation of church and state but does NOT
prohibit individuals from practicing religion.
-Students can pray in schools, but neither school
officials nor teachers can lead or sanction
organized prayer in schools.
-Religious clubs and organizations can meet on
public school grounds.
-Teachers can teach about religion but not
advocate for religion.
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The Implicit Curriculum
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-Includes the types of learning children acquire
from the nature and organization of the
classroom as well as the attitudes & actions of
the teacher.
-Influences the attitudes and values students take
away from school.
-Teachers and their actions exert the strongest
influence on it.
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Character education
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Approach to developing morality that suggests moral values and positive character traits, such as honesty and citizenship, should be emphasized, taught, and rewarded.
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Multimedia
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Combinations of media, including text, graphics, pictures, audio, and video that are designed to communicate information.
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world wide web
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A system on the internet that allows people to access, view, and maintain docucments that include text, data, sound, and video.
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Reflection
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Tthe process of teachers' thinking about and analyzing their work to assess its effectiveness
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Comprehensive high school
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Secondary school that attempts to meet the needs of all students by housing them together and providing curricular options (e.g. vocational or college-preparatory programs) geared toward a variety of student ability levels and interests
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Socioeconomic status
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The amount of money students' parents make, their parents' level of education, and the kinds of jobs their parents have
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Engaged time
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Time students actually spend actively involved in learning activities
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Students' Rights in Disciplinary Actions
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-Students have a right to an education; in
expulsions that last longer than 10 days, the
following due process must be met:
-A written notice specifying charges and the time
and place of a fair, impartial hearing
-A description of the procedures to be used,
including the nature of evidence and names of
witnesses
-The right of students to legal counsel and to
cross-examine and present their own evidence
-A written or taped record of the proceedings as
well as the findings and recommendations
-The right of appeal
-Suspensions of students with exceptionalities
must take into account whether the behavior was
linked to the exceptionality.
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Latin grammar school
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College-preparatory school originally designed to help boys prepare for the ministry or, later, for a career in law
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Lecture-Discussion
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-Designed to help students acquire organized
bodies of knowledge and understand the
relationships of ideas within them
-Organized bodies of knowledge connect facts,
concepts, generalizations, and principles, and
make the relationships among them explicit.
-Implemented in four phases:
1. Introduction and review
2. Presenting information
3. Comprehension monitoring
4. Integration
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Perspective taking
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The ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others
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Progressive education
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Major education reform movement in 20th century to meet the social, public and economic challenges of the times.
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copyright
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The legal right granted to an author, a composer, a playwright, a publisher, or a distributor to exclusive publication, production, sale, or distribution of a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work (p,p,s,d)
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Instructional technology
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Any mechanical aid (including computer technology) used to assist in or enhance the process of teaching and learning.
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Strategies for Involving Parents
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1. Start at the beginning of the school year with a
letter.
2. Maintain communication by sending home
frequent and periodic packets of work,
descriptions of new units of study, & other
information about the class.
3. Use e-mails, newsletters, and individual notes
to emphasize positive student
accomplishments.
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U.S. Legal Influences on Education
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-Federal:
1. Constitutional Amendments (First, Fourth, and
Fourteenth)
2. Laws
-State laws regulate
1. Teacher qualifications
2. Working conditions
3. Teachers' legal rights
-School districts responsible for day-to-day
governance of schools
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Essentialism
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Philosophy of Education that emphasizes a critical core of knowledge and skills that all students should learn; The current emphasis on standards. (Advocates say it ensures that all students master a core of knowledge. Critics say crucial knowledge is learned through rote memorization, soon becoming forgotten or inert, and fails to influence students' current or future lives.)
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Social problem solving
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The ability to resolve conflicts in ways that are beneficial to all involved
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Academic Freedom
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-Right of teachers to choose both content and
teaching methods based on their professional
judgment
-Protected by First Amendment to the Constitution
-Influenced by several factors:
1. Teacher's goal
2. Specific class involved
3. Students
4. General acceptance of the practice in question
5. Existence of policies related to the issue
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Merit pay
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A supplement to a teacher's base salary intended to reward superior performance or work in a high-need area such as special education or teaching in urban schools
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Service Learning
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-Combines service to the community with content-
learning objectives to promote ethical and moral
development
-25% of high school students participating
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Definitions of Curriculum
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-The subject matter taught to students
-A course of study, or a systematic arrangement
of courses
-The planned educational experiences offered by
a school
-The experiences students have under the
guidance of the school
-The process teachers go through in selecting
and organizing learning experiences for their
students
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Junior high schools
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Schools that were originally designed in the early 1900s to provide a unique academic cirriculum for early adolescent youth
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Academic learning time
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Amount of time students are both engaged and successful in learning
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Philosophies of Education
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P-Perennialism
E-Essentialism
P-Progressivism
P-Postmodernism
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Steps in Effective Planning
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1. Identify topics
2. Specify learning objectives related to the topics
3. Prepare and organize learning activities
4. Plan for assessment
5. Ensure instructional alignment
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Technician
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A person who uses specific skills to complete well-defined tasks
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Old Deluder Satan Act
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Early colonial law designed to create scripture-literate citizens who would thwart Satan's trickery
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High-stakes test
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Assessments that states and districts use to determine whether or not students will advance from one grade to another, graduate from high school, or have access to specific fields of study.
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Social Skills That Develop in Productive Learning Environments
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1. Perspective taking
2. Social problem solving
3. Respect for others
4. Working cooperatively with classmates
5. Empathy
6. Compassion
7. Appreciation of diversity
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English classical school
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A free secondary school designed to meet the needs of boys not planning to attend college
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Limitations of Laws as Guidelines for Teachers
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-Laws are purposely general and vague so they
can apply to a variety of specific situations.
-Laws were created in response to problems that
arose or existed in the past.
-Laws specify teachers' rights & responsibilities;
they don't address what teachers should do.
-Professional ethics provide a set of moral
standards for the teacher.
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Moral education
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Emphasizes student decision making and moral reasoning.
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Elements of Successful Management
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1. Preventing problems through planning
a. Rules
b. Procedures
2. Intervening effectively
3. Handling serious management problems
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Realism
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School of philosophy that suggests that the features of the universe exist whether or not humans are there to perceive them
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Essential components for effective management
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1. Caring and supportive teachers
2. Clear standards for acceptable behavior
3. Structure
4. Effective instruction
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Autonomy
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The capacity to control one's own professional life.
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Standards
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Statements specifying what students should know and what skills they should have upon completing an area of study
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Bulletin board
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An electronic message center for a given topic.
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The Null Curriculum
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-Includes topics left out of the explicit curriculum
-Often includes controversial topics or ones that
teachers don't know about or feel uncomfortable
teaching
-Currently is strongly influenced by standards and
their corresponding high-stakes tests
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Idealism
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School of philosophy that asserts that, since the world is constantly changing, ideas are the only reliable form of reality
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Curriculum
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What teachers teach
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Spreadsheet program
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Computer programs that are used to organize and manipulate numerical data
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Guided Discovery
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-Designed to teach concepts and generalizations
through the use of examples
-Provides more teacher guidance and assistance
than "pure" discovery
-Implemented in four phases
1. Introduction and review
2. Developing understanding
3. Closure
4. Application
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drill and practice programs
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Ssoftware designed to provide extensive practice with feedback
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Fourth Amendment to the Constitution
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-Protects citizens against unlawful searches and
seizures.
-School searches are permissible if they target a
specific problem such as drugs or potential
violence.
-Nonintrusive student searches, such as metal
detectors, have been found legal by the courts;
strip searches, however, have been found
unconstitutional.
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Classroom Management Goals
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1. Developing learner responsibility
2. Creating a positive classroom climate
3. Maximizing opportunities for learning
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credentials file
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Collection of important documents teachers need to submit when they apply for teaching psositions
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Problem-based learning
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An instructional strategy that uses a problem and the data gathered in attempts to solve it as the focal point of a lesson.
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Effective Instruction in Urban Classrooms
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1. Uses examples to illustrate abstract and hard-
to-grasp concepts
2. Actively involves students through interactive
questioning
3. Provides ample opportunities for practice and
feedback
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The moral/character values the general public believes should be taught
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1. Honesty
2. Democracy
3. Acceptance of diverse peoples
4. Caring for friends and family members
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Allocated time
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Amount of time designated for a particular topic or subject
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Teacher Liability
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-Teachers are legally responsible for the safety of
children under their supervision.
-In loco parentis requires teachers to use the
same judgment and care as parents in protecting
their students.
-Negligence results from a failure to exercise
sufficient care in protecting students from injury.
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Logic
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Branch of philosophy that examines the processes of deriving valid conclusions from basic principles
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Cognitive Learning Theory Principles
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1. Learners construct—they do not record—
knowledge in an attempt to make sense of their
experiences.
2. Knowledge that is constructed depends on and
builds on knowledge that learners already
possess.
3. Learning: depends on experiences is enhanced
by social interaction requires practice and
feedback.
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Title I
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Federal compensatory education program that funds supplemental education services for low-income students in elementary and secondary schools
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Professional portfolio
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A collection of representative work materials to document developing knowledge and skills
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Existentialism
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School of philosophy that suggests that humanity isn't part of an orderly universe; instead, individuals create their own realities
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Traditional Schools of Philosophy
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R-Realism
I-Idealism
P-Pragmatism
E-Existentialism
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Corporal Punishment
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-Is NOT prohibited by the Constitution
-Is prohibited in 28 states and the District of
Columbia
-Is advised against by most educational
psychologists and educational experts because
of its negative effects on students
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Common Classroom Activities Requiring Procedures
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Entering and leaving the classroom
Handing in and returning papers
Accessing materials such as scissors and paper
Sharpening pencils
Making trips to the bathroom
Making up work after an absence
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Decision-making
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Problem solving in ill-defined situations, based on professional knowledge
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Social Development Characteristics
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1. Students' ability to interact with and get along
with others
2. Perspective taking: the ability to understand the
thoughts and feelings of others
3. Social problem solving: the ability to resolve
conflicts in ways that are beneficial to all
involved.
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Charter schools
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Common characteristics of this type of school:
1. The entity operating the school is ordinarily not
a government agency, though it may receive
most of its operating revenue from either the
state or a local school board.
2. They do not serve students within a specific
attendance boundary; instead they recruit
students
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Database program
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A computer program that allows users to store, organize, and manipulate info, including both text and numbers
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Steps to follow when serious classroom management problems arise
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1. Stop the incident
2. Protect the victim
3. Get help
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Assessment
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How students understanding is measured
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Instructional time
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Amount of time left for teaching after routine management and administrative tasks are completed
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FERPA, The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, also called the Buckley Amendment
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-Requires schools to:
1. Inform parents of their rights regarding their
child's records
2. Provide parents access to their child's records
3. Maintain procedures that allow parents to
challenge and possibly amend information that
they believe is inaccurate
4. Protect parents from disclosure of confidential
information to third parties without their consent
-This amendment excludes teachers' private
notes, grade books, correspondence with a
administrators, and letters of recommendation in
which students waive access.
-Teachers may ask other students to grade
homework or classroom work if it is part of
classroom instruction.
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Academy
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A secondary school that focused on the practical needs of COLONIAL America as a growing nation
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Organized Teachers
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-Maximize instructional time and minimizes possibilities for management problems
-Become Effective teachers by:
1. Establishing routines
2. Preparing materials in advance
3. Starting on time
4. Making smooth transitions
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Postmodernism
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Philosophy of Education that contends that many of the institutions in our society, including schools, are used by those in power to marginalize those who lack power.
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Accountability
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The process of requiring students to demonstrate understanding of the topics they study as measured by standardized tests, as well as holding educators at all levels responsible for students' performance
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Intrinsic rewards
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Rewards that come from within oneself and are personally satisfying for emotional or intellectual reasons.
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Axiology
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Branch of philosophy that considers questions of values and ethics
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Child Abuse
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-All 50 states and the District of Columbia have
laws requiring teachers to report suspect child
abuse.
-These same laws protect teachers who "act in
good faith" and "without malice."
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Tutorial
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A software program that delivers an entire integrated instructional sequence similar to a teacher's instruction on the topic.
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"Separate but equal"
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Policy of segregating minorities in education, transportation, housing, and other areas of public life if opportunities and facilities were considered equal to those of nonminorities. In education, the policy was evidenced by separate schools with different curricula, teaching methods, teachers, and resources
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Teachers' Private Lives
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-Teachers are held to a higher standard of
conduct than ordinary citizens.
-Moral standards are not absolute, varying within
specific communities.
-When teachers break the law, the notoriety, or
the extent to which a teacher's behavior becomes
known or controversial, can determine teacher
dismissal.
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Normal schools
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Two-year institutions developed in the early 1800s to prepare prospective elementary teachers
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Assertive Discipline
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-A comprehensive approach to classroom management that clearly specifies both teachers' and students' rights and responsibilities; (Successful but controversial)
-Advocates claim it:
Works
Clearly specifies both teacher and student actions
Is fairly easy to learn and apply
-Critics claim it:
Emphasizes control and obedience at the
expense of personal development
Focuses on behaviors instead of the reasons for
rules
Treats symptoms (e.g., talking) versus possible
causes (e.g., boring or ineffective instruction)
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Classroom Time Dimensions
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1. Allocated time: amount designated for a
particular topic or subject
2. Instructional time: amount left for teaching after
routine management and administrative tasks
are completed.
3. Engaged time: time students actually spend
actively involved in learning activities
4. Academic learning time: amount of time
students are both engaged and successful.
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Major Branches of Philosophy
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L-Logic
A-Axiology
M-Metaphysics/ontology
E-Epistemology
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How to Communicate Caring in your classroom
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1. Learn students' names quickly and call on
students by their first name.
2. Greet students daily and get to know them as
individuals.
3. Use effective nonverbal communication such
as making eye contact and smiling.
4. Use "we" and "our" in reference to class
activities and assignments.
5. Spend time with students.
6. Demonstrate respect for students as
individuals .
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Assimilation
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A process of socializing people so that they adopt dominant social norms and patterns of behavior
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Website
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A location on the world wide web identified with a uniform resource locator (URL)
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Benefits of Increased Wait-Time
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1. The length and quality of student responses
improve.
2. Failures to respond are reduced.
3. Student participation in general, as well as
participation from minority students, improves.
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Teacher Employment and the Law
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-Licensure requirements specify minimal levels of
teacher qualifications.
-Teaching contracts are legal agreements
between a teacher and a local school board.
-Collective bargaining occurs when a local
chapter of a professional organization negotiates
with a school district over the rights of teachers
and conditions of employment.
-Tenure is a legal safeguard to prevent teacher
dismissal without cause.
-Reduction in force due to declining enrollment
can result in both tenured and nontenured
teachers being released.
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Chat room
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A site on the internet where a number of users can communicate in real time (typically one dedicated to a particular topic)
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Character education
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Stresses, teaches, and rewards moral values and positive character traits such as honesty and citizenship.
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Licensure
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Process by which a state evaluates the credentials of prospective teachers to ensure that they have achieved satisfactory levels of teaching competence and are morally fit to work with youth
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Magnet schools
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Public schools that provide innovative or specialized programs that attempt to attract students from all parts of a district
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Direct Instruction
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-Designed to teach essential knowledge and skills
needed for later learning
-Implemented in four phases
1. Introduction and review
2. Developing understanding
3. Guided practice
4. Independent practice
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Hypermedia
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A linked form of multimedia that allows learners to make connections to different points in the program based on their background knowledge and learning process.
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Epistemology
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Branch of philosophy that examines questions of how we come to know what we know
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Internet
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The complex web of interconnections among computers that allows people to communicate and share information worldwide.
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Perennialism
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Philosophy of Education that suggests that nature, including human nature, is constant.
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Ethics
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Set of moral standards for acceptable professional behavior
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Distance education
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Organized instructions in which teachers and learners, thought physically separated, are connected through technology.
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Essential Components of Clear Communication
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1. Language clarity: precise terminology and
elimination of vague terms in questions and
explanations
2. Thematic lessons: topics are related and lead
to a specific point
3. Transition signals: indicate when one idea is
ending and another beginning and how the two
are related
4. Emphasis: alerts students to the most
important ideas in a lesson
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Teacher-Centered Versus Learner-Centered Instruction
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-Major issue: How active a role should teachers play in directing student learning?
-Historically, classroom instruction has been teacher-centered, with teachers telling and lecturing, assuming major control of instruction.
-In learner-centered instruction, teachers guide learners toward an understanding of the topics they study.
-Criticisms of teacher-centered instruction
1. Based on antiquated views of learning
2. Emphasizes student verbalization and overt performance
versus true understanding
-Criticisms of learner-centered instruction
1. De-emphasizes learning of basic skills
2. Inefficient in terms of time and energy
3. Not compatible with current emphasis on standards and
accountability
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Extrinsic rewards
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Rewards that come from outside oneself, such as job security and vacations.
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Essential Teaching Skills
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1. Organization
2. Clear communication
3. Focus
4. Questioning
5. Feedback
6. Review and closure
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War on Poverty
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General term for federal programs designed to eradicate poverty during the 1960s
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Cooperative Learning
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-A collection of teaching strategies that uses
structured student social interaction to meet
specific content goals and teach social
interaction skills
-Essential components
1. Students work together in small groups.
2. Learning objectives direct the groups' activities.
3. Social interaction is emphasized.
4. Students are held individually accountable for
their understanding.
5. Learners depend on one another to reach
objectives.
-Different cooperative learning strategies
1. Reciprocal questioning
2. Scripted cooperation
3. Jigsaw II
4. Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD)
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Essential Human Elements of Productive Learning Environments
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1. Caring
2. Personal teaching efficacy
3. Positive expectations
4. Modeling and enthusiasm
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Middle schools
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Schools, typically for grades 6-8, specifically designed to help students through the rapid social, emotional, and intellectual changes characteristic of early adolescence
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Reforms
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Suggested changes in teaching and teacher preparation intended to increase the amount students learn
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Forces That Influence the Curriculum
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1. Standards and accountability
2. Professional organizations
3. The federal government
4. Textbooks
5. The professional teacher—perhaps more than
any of the others
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Pragmatism
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School of philosophy that rejects the idea of absolute, unchanging truth, instead asserting that truth is "what works
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Social Development
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Students' ability to interact with and get along with others
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Elements of Personal Development
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1. Self-discipline and motivation to learn
2. Organizational skills and goal setting
3. Personal and moral responsibility
4. Control of personal impulses
5. Self-awareness in terms of personal strengths,
needs, and values
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Ways that teachers communicate positive expectations
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1. Emotional support
2. Teacher effort and demands
3. Interactive questioning
4. Feedback and evaluation
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Common school movement
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Historical attempt to make education available to all children in the United States
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Digital Portfolio
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A collection of materials contained in an electronic file that makes the information accessible to potential viewers.
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Affirmative Action
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-Policies are designed to overcome past racial,
ethnic, gender, or disability discrimination.
-Those used to correct past discriminatory hiring
practices of teachers have been upheld by courts.
-Can also involve districts' efforts to achieve
racially balanced schools.
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Software
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An application that holds specific instructions for hardware functions.
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Assistive technology
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Technology which helps children interact with their environment, reduces limitations in activity & encourages participation. Supports function in the areas of mobility, self-care, and social functions.
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Characteristics of Learning Communities Classrooms
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1. Inclusiveness-all students participate and
believe they can suceed.
2. Respect for others-students respect the
teacher and other students.
3. Safety and security: students feel safe and
protected.
4. Trust and connectedness: students count on
each other for help and assistance
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Progressivism
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Philosophy of Education that focuses on real-world problem solving and individual development.
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E-mail
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Computer-mediated communiation (CMC). Telecommunication between people via electronic mail.
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URL
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A series of letters and/or symbols that acts as an address for a site on the internet
(uniform resource locator, also called a web address)
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Different Dimensions of the Curriculum
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1. explicit
2. implicit, or "hidden"
3. null
4. Extracurriculum
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Head Start
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A federal compensatory education program designed to help 3-5-year old disadvantaged children enter school ready to learn
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Student Freedom of Speech
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-Protected by the First Amendment to the
Constitution
-Cannot interfere with school learning or the
school mission
-May apply to student newspapers, but this
freedom could be limited for "legitimate
pedagogical concerns."
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The Explicit Curriculum at Different Grade Levels
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-The current elementary curriculum emphasizes
language arts and math, and de-emphasizes
science, social studies, art, and music.
-Middle schools attempt to integrate the
curriculum, combining and relating concepts and
skills from different disciplines.
-The junior high and high school curriculum
focuses on specialized and separate content
courses.
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Intelligent Design
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-A theory suggesting that our universe is the
product of an intelligent cause or being versus
random, undirected causes such as natural
selection.
-Opponents of intelligent design argue that it is
little more than creationism, a religious view that
the universe was created by God as described in
the Bible.
-The courts have held that formally teaching
intelligent design as an alternative to evolution
violates the Establishment Clause of the First
Amendment to the Constitution.
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Computer literacy
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Knowledge of computer systems and equipment and the ways they function; stresses equipment and devices (hardware), programs and instructions (software), databases, and telecommunications
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Guidelines for Effective Rules
|
1. State rules positively.
2. Emphasize rationales for rules.
3. Minimize the number of rules.
4. Monitor rules throughout the school year.
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Benefits of Involving Parents
|
1. Greater willingness to do homework
2. Higher long-term achievement
3. More positive attitudes and behaviors
4. Better attendance and graduation rates
5. Greater enrollment in postsecondary education
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Guidelines for Effective Interventions
|
Intervene immediately.
Direct the intervention at the correct student(s).
Use the least intrusive intervention.
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Educational technology
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A combination of the process and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems.
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Characteristics of Effective Questioning
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1. Frequency: actively involves all students
2. Equitable distribution: invites all students to
participate in the lesson
3. Wait-time: gives students time to think about
and answer the question
4. Prompting: assists students when they are
unable to answer
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