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What are some benefits of Omega 3's?
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-healthy brain development -anti-inflammatory -anti-coagulant -protection against cardiovascular disease, arthritis, skin conditions, depression
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Fats have ____ times more calories than carbohydrates
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2.25
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What is BCS a good predictor of?
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-body energy content
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Monogastrics require __%-__% lipids in their diets
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15-20
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__% of corn grown in the US goes to biological fuels
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60
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Crude protein
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an estimate of the protein content of feedstuffs by using the percent N content and multiplying by the conversion facto 6.25, the result is the approximate value, (based on the assumptions that all nitrogen in feedstuffs is present as protein and that the average nitrogen content of a protein is 16%)
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What is the more significant measure: Biological Value of Protein or Digestible Protein?
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Biological Value
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What does the three and six indicate in Omega 3 and 6 Fatty Acids?
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-signifies that the first double bond (polyunsaturated) exists as the third and sixth (respectively) carbon to carbon bond from the terminal methyl end of the carbon chain
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Urea __% Nitrogen
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46
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Dairy cows require up to __% CP
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18%
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How is Biological Value of Protein measured?
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by the amount of protein that is retained in the animal's body after protein is absorbed
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A cow needs the most protein __-__ days after calving (also most ___)
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46-60 days -energy
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Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN)
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nitrogen that comes from sources other than organic (plant or animal) sources. Examples would be urea or ammonia.
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What are essential amino acids?
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amino acids that the body cannot manufacture, but are found in animal protein in the food
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What did asian markets put in pet foods and baby milk to raise the CP measurement of their products?
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Melamine (a toxic plastic which causes kidneys to shut down)
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What are some sources of Omega 3's?
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Fish oils
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Why must urea be fed with a good quality energy source?
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Because unless the energy source is digested as quickly as the urea (which is quick) the nitrogen in the urea will not be able to be made into protein and is peed out. Therefore good quality forage or an easily digested energy source like molasses is fed with it
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What are volatile fatty acids?
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a short chain of fatty acids (such as acetate, butyrate and propionate)
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CP requirement for a lactating cow is:
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11%
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Amino Acid COOH-C-H
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Carbonyl group bonded to central carbon
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CP requirement for a cow in the last trimester is:
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9%
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Crude protein is measured by ______ analysis
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Kjedahl
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Fats/Lipids are Used in Animal Diets to: (5)
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1. Increase energy 2. Increase palatability 3. Reduce dust 4. Carry Fat Soluble Vitamins 5. A source of essential fatty acids (also improve coat glossiness)
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What are fatty acids?
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breakdown products of dietary fat, and a constituent of body fat.
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How is protein quality measured? Which type of animal is this most important for?
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-by the number of essential amino acids -most important for monogastrics
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Protein Quantity
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(crude protein) nitrogen measured multiplied by 6.25
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Feather meal has __-__% CP but is low ____ and poorly______
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-60-85% -quality -digested
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Protein promotes __ ___. When is it especially good to use this?
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feed intake -for weaning calves to get them on dry feed
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gm protein/day ____ as an animal grows. It needs ___ grams and ___ protein _____
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-increases -more -less -protein density
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What are some benefits of Omega 6's?
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-has anti inflammatory properties -healthy skin, hair and nails -hormonal and emotional balance
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Because fats carry ___ ___ ____ some fat in the ration is desirable in adult ruminants
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-fat soluble vitamins
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Digestible Protein = CP in ____ - CP in ____
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-feed -feces
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What happens to exess protein?
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It gets deaminated and excreted
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How do you balance the amino acids for monogastrics?
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Use both animal and plant sourced protein
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By-pass protein (undegradable protein/escape protein)
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a ruminant specific term referring to the portion of the dietary protein that is not broken down by fermentation in the rumen, but is digested by enzymes in the small intestine
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To be considered a protein supplement an ingredient must contain at least __% CP
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20
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CP requirements for dry pregnant cows is:
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7%
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Rations for adult ruminants animals should contain no more than _-_% fat
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3-5%
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Body Condition Scoring
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-An objective hands on method of determining the amount of fat an animal is carrying.
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What is protein?
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a complex organic compound composed of amino acids (contain carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes sulfur)
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All required amino acids must be at ___% in the animals body in order for it to grow at ___ ____ ____. Each species has a different ____ ____ ____ order
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-100% -maximum genetic potential - limiting essential a.a. order
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What are three other good sources of protein?
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-Oilseed meals (canola meal, flax meal), Dry Distiller Grain Solubles and Animal byproducts
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For SEW (segregated early weaned) pigs protein requirements ____ as the pig gets older
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decrease
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What is a synonym for crude protein?
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Protein quantity
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What are some sources of Omega 6's?
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-corn oil; sunflower seeds and oil; safflower seeds and oil; cottonseed oil; soybean oil
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Usually __% to ___% of total protein can be digested
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50-90
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Protein quality is most important for _____
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monogastrics
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Amino Acids R
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variable bonded to central carbon
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What are amino acids?
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the building blocks of protein. (Composed of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. Some can be synthesized by the body and others must be obtained from the diet)
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Urea will only be fed as ___ of the N source in the diet max
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1/3
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What are the ten essential amino acids?
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-Threonine -Tryptophane -Histidine -Arginine -Lysine -Leucine -Isoleucine -Methionine -Valine -Phenylalanine (TT Hallim VP)
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What are essential fatty acids?
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fatty acids the body cannot synthesize and need to be obtained in the diet
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Why is digestible protein hard to measure in ruminants and horses?
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because rumen or cecal microbes which are a source of protein are also excreted in the feces
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Why are animal protein feeds a cource of higher quality protein? (3)
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-contain a better balance of the essential amino acids -more digestible -have a higher biological value
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What does urea do when fed to monogastrics or cecal microbes?
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nothing
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Five Ways to Measure Protein:
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1. Protein Quantity (CP) 2. Protein Quality 3. Digestible Protein 4. Biological Value of Protein 5. Ideal Protein
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An individually ideally needs more omega _ than omega ___ fatty acids
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more omega 3
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What does BAT do?
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-Primary purpose is to provide non-shivering thermogenesis
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Why is excess protein not beneficial? (3)
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1. Costly 2. associated with early embryo loss in cattle and sheep -bad for production 3. causes additional N to be excreted an environmental concern
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Formula for Crude Protein
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CP= N x 6.25
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What do we compare against as a 100% value for Biological Value?
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Eggs because 100% is retained
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Protein drives ____ ____
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milk production
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Biological Value (BV)
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a measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from a food which becomes incorporated into the proteins of the animal's body (measure ntrogen)(The higher the BV the more digestible the protein)
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Young animals receiving high levels of milk will be getting __-__% fat in their diet which is a desirable level
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25-40
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What are natural proteins?
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anything but urea based products
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Feeding Omega 6 (_____ acid) in later gestation has benefits T or F
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-linoleic fatty acid -true (reg body temp, better cyclicity and rebreeding)
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Fat Soluble Vitamins
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A,D,E and K -absorbed with the aid of fat (and stored in body tissues such as the liver and fat)
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Healthy ratios of n-6:n-3 range from _:_ - _:_. Typically westerners get __:__ - __ :__
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-1:1 - 1:4 -10:1 - 30:1
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T or F Meat and Bone Meal can be fed to ruminants
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F
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Animal protein is ____ digestible than plant protein
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more (also more expensive)
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Chicks require __-__%
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18-22%
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What is BAT? In who is it found and where?
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Brown Adipose Tissue -found in young and hibernating animals around the spinal cord, thoracic organs and kidneys
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Protein requirements for a growing 500lb steer __%; 1200lb steer ___% why?
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-14% -12% because the 1200 lb steer is done growing (maintenance)
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Amino Acids
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Ideal Protein
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is modeling the ratios of amino acids fed to monogastrics off the amino acid profile of muscle or milk
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What are the three parts to the numbering of a fatty acid?
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1. Count the numer of C in the chain 2. Count the total number of double bonds 3. Count from the methyl end to where the first double bond occurs Gives you three numbers e.g. 18:3:6 (an Omega- 6)
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What is another protein source for ruminants other than the microbes? Why are they not useful to monogastrics?
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-legume forages like alfalfa -not digestible
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Chelated mineral
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a mineral that has been bonded chemically with peptides (small protein molecules)
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Bypass proteins are covered in ___ to protect them from microbes
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oil
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What is a limiting amino acid?
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An animal will only grow to whatever percent the lowest essential amino acid is in its body- All must be at 100% in order to see max genetic growth
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___Meal is a high quality protein source which has __-__% protein
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-Fish -62-78
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What is the advantage of BCS over other methods (live weight, heart girth, height ratio)?
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-it is easy to learn, fast, cheap and sufficiently accurate for many research or management situations.
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Protein Quality
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The number (amount) of types of amino acids present (diversity: want diverse amino acids in protein source e.g. fish meal vs lysine supplement- fish meal is better quality)
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Urea a NPN can be used as a _____ and animal feed. It is _____ digested by rumen microbes and then its nitrogen is used as a building block along with a ___ ___ ____ ____ to make protein.
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-fertilizer -quickly -good quality energy source
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Amino Acids Amine (Nitrogen) Group
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H2N bonded to central Carbon
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What are the three essential fatty acids? Sources?
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1. Linoleic (Omega 6-canola oil) 2. Linolenic (Omega 3-Flaxseed oil) 3. Arachadonic (peanut oil)
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Too much fat in a ration will do what to rumen microbes?
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kill them
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What are a major protein source for cattle? How much is produced a day?
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-Rumen microbes -1 to 1.5 kg(3 lbs)/day of cells(protein)
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