| Terms |
Definitions |
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Beta Galactosidase
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an example of gene regulation in prokaryotes
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# of DNA Strands
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2
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P53 Tumor
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P53 genes stop tumor forming cells from divide. If a person only inherits one of these genes, they are at a higher risk for developing cancer.
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Translation
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creates proteins
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Translation
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decoding mRNA message into polypeptide chain
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Multigene Families
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encode proteins with similar sequences such as hemoglobin
Duplication of several ancestors
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DNA Complementary Bases
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A=T, C=G
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Ribosomal RNA
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thought to help form peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids
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Role of Repressor
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blocks transcription of lac genes
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Process of Replication (DNA)-Step 2
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DNA Polymerase reads template and pairs a complementary nucleotide to the exposed nitrogen base
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Messenger RNA
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carries information from DNA into cytoplasm to ribosome for protein synthesis
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Deletion
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when one nucleotide is removed
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Operon
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group of genes that code for proteins with related funtions
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DNA
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the master plans
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Complement
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New strand that is produced using the template
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Promoter
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RNA polymerase binding site that signals the beginning of the gene
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Process of Replication (DNA)-Step 4
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Ligase fills in the gaps on the sugar phosphate backbone
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Process of Transcription- Step 3
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when complete, the mRNA strand separates from the DNA strand
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RNA Sugar
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Ribose
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Addition
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when one nucleotide base is added
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Small Subunit
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binds mRNA
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RNA Function
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transmits genetic information
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Structural Genes
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code for polypeptide, protein/enzyme
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Elongation
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amino acids continue to be added to the growing polypeptide chain
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Anticodons (Translation)
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3 consecutive nucleotides that code for 1 amino acid
Found on tRNA
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Frame Shift Poing Mutation
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changes the DNA strand from that point on (addition/deletion)
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Double Helix
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twisted ladder shape-2 strands of DNA were wound around each other in a helical shape
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Ribosome Structure
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large and small subunit
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DNA
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composition of Gene
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Codons (Translation)
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3 consecutive nucleotides that code for 1 amino acid
found on mRNA
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Nitrogen Bases
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Purines and Pyrimidines
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DNA Replication
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copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
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A & G
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more complex-purines (2 rings)
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Sugar Phosphate Backbone
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makes of sides of Double helix (ladder)
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Substitution (type of point mutation)
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1 nucleotide is substitued for another
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DNA Nitrogen Bases
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A,T,C, and G
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Template
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The complementary bases are joined to the ________.
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1
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DNA is transcribed more than __ because only the part that codes for that particular protein
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Regions of the Lac Operon
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promoter
operator
structural genes
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Phosphate
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phosphorus and 4 oxygen atoms
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A Site
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holds a tRNA molecule that is carrying its specific amino acid attached to growing polypeptide chain
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Point Mutations
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mutation that occurs at a single nucleotide
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Mutagen
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cause of mutation
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DNA Polymerase (Role of Enzymes in DNA Replication)
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joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule and "proofreads" the new DNA to insure that there are no mistakes (mutation)
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T & C
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simpler, pyrimidine (1 ring)
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P53 Tumor
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mapped to chromosom 17
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Operator
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between promoter and structural genes/controls RNA polymerase's access to structural genes acting like a switch turning on or off the transcription of the gene
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Process of Replication (DNA)-Step 3
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continues until 2 complete molecules have been produced
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Termination
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stop codon which has no amino acid attached
the ribosome complex falls apart and the newly made protein is released into the cell
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Function of Gene
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determines a trait: Contains genetic information that codes for a trait of characteristic
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Transposition Gene
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Transposons move around on the chromosome "jumping genes"
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Importance of Transposition Gene
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useful to researchers because they allow DNA to be altered
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Sugar Molecule
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5-Carbon Sugar deoxyribose
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RNA Nitrogen Bases
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5-A, Uracil, C, and G
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Specialized Cells
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only need to make certain proteins
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Helicase (Role of Enzymes in DNA Replication)
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catalyzes reaction that breaks H bonds joining nitrogen bases
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Purines
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adenine and guanine
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Intron
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intervening sequence of DNA, does NOT code for protein
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# of RNA Strands
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1
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DNA Function
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stores genetic information
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Uncoiled DNA
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transcription occurs
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Beneficial Mutations
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can lead to adaptations which can allow organsims to live longer, reproduce more so more of the beneficial genes exist in the gene population
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Nucleotides
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monomer of nucleic acids
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DNA Sugar
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deoxyribose
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Cells
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have DNA coding for every protein an organism needs to make
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Process of Replication (DNA)-Step 1
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DNA helicase breaks bond between nitrogen bases and DNA unwinds
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Enzymes Used in Transcription
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RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates DNA
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Process of Transcription- Step 1
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A portion of DNA unzips (the portion that codes for a protein)
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Parts of a Nucleotide
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5-carbon sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate base
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Process of Transcription- Step 2
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RNA polymerase bonds to DNA and allows complementary RNA nucleotide to bond to DNA
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Exon
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expressed portion of DNA codes for a protein
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P Site
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holds a tRNA molecule that is carrying its specific amino acid
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RNA
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a working copy
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Coiled DNA
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no transcription
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Pyrimidines
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cytosine and thymine
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No
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Are both strands of DNA transcribed
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Base-Pairing Rules
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adenine-thymine
guanine-cytosin
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Lac Operon
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to hydrolyze lactose into galactose and glucose
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Nucleotides (A, T, C, G)
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Rungs of Double Helix (ladder) made by
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Initiation
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start codon positioned in P site, tRNA brings in second amino acid and a peptide bond forms
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Steps of Protein Synthesis
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1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
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RNA Location in Cell
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Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Ribosome
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TATA Box
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thought to position RNA polymerase (genes are often interrupted by these)
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mRNA
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result of transcription
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Transfer RNA
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transports each amino acid to the ribosome as it's coded in messages from mRNA
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Large Subunit
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A and P site
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DNA Location in Cell
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Nucleus
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Hydrogen Bonds
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Rungs of Double Helix (ladder) held together by
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Evolution
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change in DNA
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Template
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strand of DNA used a a "model" for building the "new" strand
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RNA Complementary Bases
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A=U, C=G
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