| Terms |
Definitions |
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what joins the 2 neucleotide chains in DNA?
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hydrogen bonds between the bases
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Turner's syndrome
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single X chromosome
only monosony compatible with life
only occurs in females
CV and renal problems
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Chromatin condenses to form...
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Chromosomes
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karyotyping?
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technique used to determine the diploid number of chromosomes
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what type of genetic material does a virus carry?
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either DNA or RNA but have incomplete systems for replication, transcription, and translation
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Klinefelter syndrome
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most common male chromosomal disease
caused by XXY sex chromosome
gynecomastia, infertility, high incidence of male breast cancer
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what is the Tm
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temperature at which 50% of DNA is denatured.
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How is DNA WRITTEN?
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from 5' to 3'
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how many GENES in the human genome?
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~25,000
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what is the significance of using alkali to break chains?
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alkali breaks the phosphodiester bonds in RNA, not DNA, allowing RNA to be separated from DNA
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how many base pairs wrap around a core?
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140
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what is essential for controlling transcription ?
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Organization of DNA in chromatin
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where does synthesis of rRNA and assembly of ribosomes occur?
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in the NUCLEOLUS
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what do nucleotide analogs do?
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slow the division and growth of rapidly growing cells and viruses. Used to control viruses such as HIV
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what happens is temp is slowly decreases after denaturing DNA?
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renaturation or hybridization can occur
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Edwards syndrome
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trisomy of chromosome 18
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what type of histone is associated with linker DNA?
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H1
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Downs syndrome
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trisomy of chromosome 21
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what is gene locus?
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position of a gene on a chromosome
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what does the Tm depend on?
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the G-C content of double stranded DNA... more G-C content the higher the Tm
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most common form of DNA?
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B DNA, a right handed helix coiled symmetrically
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How is DNA hybridization used?
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for detection of specific sequences
in PCR to amplify specific sequences
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human genone containes (# of chromosomes)
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46 diploid chromosomes
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where is the DNA/protein complex located in prokaryotes?
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nucleiod
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What does 5 FU (fluorouracil) do?
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inhibits synthesis of the thymine nucleotides required for DNA replication. Also inhibits thymidylate synthase
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what does acetylation do?
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creates open chromatin which allows transcription
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what is A form DNA
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occurs in dehydrated DNA and is a wider right handed spiral
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Patau syndrome
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trisomy of chromosome 13
microcephaly
heart and kidney defects
abnormal genitalia
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significance of plasmids?
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can replicate autonomously outside host genome and is used to transfer foreign genes from one organism to another
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flow of info from DNA to protein
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Genetic information copied
DNA TRANSCRIBED to RNA
RNA TRANSLATED to protein
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what do nucleosomes do?
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make DNA generally inaccessible for proteins involved in gene regulation
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what is Z form DNA?
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linked to initiation of transcription
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significance of 5' cap on mRNA
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added during transcription and is required for initiation of transcription
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how are nulceotides joined?
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by inorganic phosphates in a phosphodiester bond between carbon 3' on one sugar and 5' on the next sugar
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major groove and minor groove are sued for binding?
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regulatory proteins
antibiotics
anticancer drugs
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what does the poly A tail do?
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on the 3' end stabilizes the mRNA
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Where do the amino acids attach to tRNAs?
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at the 3' end and carries AA to the ribosome. Anticodon on tRNA interacts with codon on mRNA
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Eukaryotic DNA characteristics
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contained in the nuclear envelope
DNA associates with histones to form chromatin (2 forms... euchromatin{active and diffuse} and hetrochromatin{silent and condensed})
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Nucleosomes form a tubular coil called...
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a solenoid
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whata can block synthesis of a DNA chain
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nucleotide analogs such as AZT
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how many base pairs in the human genome
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3,200,000,000
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what is significant about the 2 opposing strands?
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a purine on one side always pairs with a pyrimidine on the other
two strands are complementary
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how big is a chromatin fiber?
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30nm in diameter
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