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Stalin's Change in N.E.P
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uses nationalist tactics, heavy industry, military, electricity, dams, steel, cars, etc.
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Social Democrats
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radical socialists or communists (the majority of people were only moderate socialists)
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Reason Great Britain joined the War
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Treaty with Belgium and they said they would help France and keep their Triple Entente alliance
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Kulaks
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Anybody resisting collectivization, branded as people who wouldn't give up on capitalism, executed, killed, or sent to gulags
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Pros of Communism
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stable govt. and military, no wars, positive propaganda, "worker" status, equal rights, concern for families, etc.
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Gulags
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a prison camp with hard labor
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The Battle of Verdun
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February-December 1916, 11 mos. of battle. Still in stalemate on western front, germans start war of attrition, ends up in a bloodbath for BOTH sides, destroyed surrounding area, etc. trenches only things left, heavy losses for Germany too
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Details of Fascist March on Rome
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Mussolini's encounter with the government, king fears civil war so decides not to fight mussolini and makes him prime minister, no fighting at all
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Negative Aspects of Communism
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Execution, can't leave army, gulags, political prisons, etc.
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Light Industry
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Consumer goods for common people
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Weimar Republic
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1919-1933 After the abdication of the Kaiser, the WEimar Republic created a new Germany based on a liberal constitution. However, the new republic was faced with huge war debts, political turmoil. and rising inflation
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Britain's End to the War
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Dec. 1917 British and the Arabs take Jerusalem from Ottoman empire, sign of hope for Allies
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Significance of WWI
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First industrialized war, showdown between top European powers, everything on a global scale is different afterwards, not just army to army, population to population
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Details of 2nd Russian Revolution
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Also called the Bolshevik Rev. Communists wanted to take over the winter palace but Bolsheviks do not succeed because there were only a few 100 trying to take over the palace
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Territorial Conditions - Versailles Treaty
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No union between Austria and Germany, creation of polish corridor, no colonies, DMZ + Alsace-Lorraine goes back to France, colonies broken up and divvied out among the Allies
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Bolsheviks
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Argue a new take on Marx, Russia is ready for a revolution now, Lenin was leader of Bolsheviks, tiny minority at time
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Russian Communism and Christianity
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atheistic society, priests sent to gulags, churches closed or underground, etc.
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War Damage in Italy, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, and Britain
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some
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Events of 1917
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Russian govt. collapses (war + other reasons), they leave and the USA joins the fray
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Reason Germans Unhappy With Weimar Govt.
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republic (reichstas) govt elected by the people, moderate socialists in power, destroyed pride and glory of country n versailles treaty, almost ignored it, gvt seems unable to solve all the economic problems, 1923 Hyperinflation and 1929
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Provisional Government Details
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leader of govt, Karinsky, decides not to leave the war in hopes of restoring Russian nationalism, throws all people, including women, to the front, wants to leave war on better terms than they are (aka not losing), but fail, and are massacred. - ppl = pissed, allows communists to step in
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Why Italians became Fascists
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Looking for a strong and effective and decisive leader, someone to stop the communists and restore glory of italy, mussolini's black shirts helps attune to that, and eventually mussolini and his police unit would beat you up or kill you if you didn't swear your allegiance to fascism!
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Dates of the Reign of the USSR
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1922-1991
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Date of the Fascist March on Rome
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1922
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Date Mussolini Bans all Political Parties Except Fascism
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1926
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Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov)
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Lenin = code name, leader of bolsheviks, then later the whole communist party and the entire Russian state
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General Dates of WWI
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1914-1918
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Aftermath of 1st Russian Revolution
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create a provisional government, republic with congress, representative elections, ppl originally happy, but lenin is very opposed, wants communists to take over and leave the war
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Date Germany invades Belgium
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August 4, 1914
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Allied Powers
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Serbia, Russia, France, Belgium, England, Japan, Romania, Greece, Italy (includes all colonies)
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Dates of the Russian Civil War
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1919-1921
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Dates of 2nd Russian Revolution
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October 1917
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Pre-Fascist Italy
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Constitutional Monarchy in 1918, feel internationally disrespected because of Versailles treaty (didn't get all the land they were promised), people were unahppy because of economic situation (unemployment, inflation, etc), have a huge fear of communism, long capitalist tradition (merchants, etc) on verge of civil war by 1919
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Trench Warfare
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lines of trenches for hundreds of miles across the western front, come from the massive stalemate that occurs
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The German Revolution (Nearly Communist Uprising)
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1918-1919 communists tried to have an uprising but crushed by German army, freaks people out though because Russia is a communist state already and most capitalist nations don't want it to come their way forced govt to leave berlin and go to weimar because of riots
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Reason the Church supported Hitler
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Most Germans were very Christian at the time and since they supported the Nazis, the Church in turn ended up supporting the Nazis because the people chose to
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Benito Mussoulini
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Comes into play in the 1920s/1930s, was raised by mom a schoolteacher and dad a socialist politician so esp. educated, was a journalist and an active/radical socialist then at WWI does a 180 and becomes an intense Fascist, also known as Il Duce
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Fascism
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Authoritarian political doctrine based on extreme nationalism, elevation of the state at the expense of the individual, and replacement of independent social organization in civil society with state organizations.
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Details of 1st Russian Revolution
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started as bread protest (not enough food/bread/ppl starving),turns into communist rev, ppl occupy Petrograd for 3 days, then head general of army orders open fire on civilians, but soldiers turn around and shoot officers instead, leaderless + violent, Tzar ends up abdicating after stopped by rev. units on way to petrograd
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Allied Powers' use of Total War
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1. Britain approaches Saudi Arabs and promises them a homeland if they revolt vs. Ottomans 2.) The Brits tell the European Jews they will have a homeland if they supply the Allies with $
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Why be Communist?
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1.) Idea of a homeland 2.) No bourgeoisie leaders like the tzar 3.) lesser work hours 4.) stable govt. 5.) education for all 6.) promise of necessities, Bread Peace and Land 7.) common ppl get benefits because they want to end poverty 8.) gives orinary people a sense of power and influence 9.) gives "faith" and family 10.) Sense of ecurity, equality for women, sense of purpose, stalin is strong leader, new start, caring govt
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USSR (CCCP)
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, ruled by communists, 1st fully communist state
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The Versailles Treaty
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Treaty between Allies and Germany, 1919, all of blame for WWI goes on Germany, heavy military restrictions, War Guilt Clause and Territorial restrictions
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Stalin's Important Beliefs
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believed in huge threat of invasion and also marx's promise of a class war, really believed it was inevitable, and capitalist countries have tanks and weapons
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Triple Entente
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France, Russia, Britain
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Self Determination
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Pop. Sov. + Nationalism, idea that people should be able to choose their own government
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Schlieffen Plan
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Germany's plan to deal with a two front war. 1.) hit France fast and hard 2.) turn entire army around to face Russia
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Details of Germany's invasion of Belgium
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Belgium = neutral, had alliance with Brits in case anything happened, Germans ask to enter, Belgium denies, and they fight, Germans slaughter Belgians - felt they had to cheat and go through because of Schlieffen plan
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League of Nations
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Established in 1919, this international association was intended to promote international cooperation, peace and security. However, it proved weak because of internal disputes and the USA's refusal of membership
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Adolf Hitler
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born in 1880's in Austria, grew up in Vienna, tries to make it as an artist, meets up with anti-semitic political party that uses Jews as scapegoat and claims they are taking over everything (resulted from heavy influx of mistreated Jews from Russia), By 1914-1918 Hitler in army, moves to munich, wounded, afterwards works as a spy for army, spying on political groups, comes into contact with Nationalist German Worker's Party
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War Damage in France and Austria-Hungary
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LOTS!!!!
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Central Powers
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Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria (includes all colonies)
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Why Germans became Nazis
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Hitler Promised he would get Germany out of the economic crisis, ONE leader/way/people/unit, became like team spirit, gave bread and work to the masses - HUGE necessity, religious reference -HItler acted as prophet bringing cultural renewal for Germany (Germans were very christian at the time), and gained support of Christian sects in Germany, unhappy with Weimar govt., hate communism
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Significance of a Multi-Front War
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creates a stalemate, also a result of having industrialized nations fighting each other on both sides, creates trench warfare and war of attrition
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Date of WWI Armistice
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November 11, 1918
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Eastern Front
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the front in Russia during WWI. The German army moved quickly across eastern Europe into Russia; low morale plagued the poorly equipped Russian army in the face of superior German technology.
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Heavy Industry
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military, electricity, dams, steel, cars, etc
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Things Fascists Reject
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Bureaucracy, committee decisions, suicide/death, peace, pop soc and liberal ideas, hate group leaders, communism/equality
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Triple Alliance
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Germany, Austria, Italy
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Total War
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Effort to disrupt enemy's homefront as well as on the front lines
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"Umbrella" of Fascists
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Ultra-Nationalism (Italy, Germany, Japan)
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Dates of the 1st Russian Revolution
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February 1917
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War of Attrition
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Army fighting just to cause as much bloodshed as possible and literally "bleed out" the other army until they do not have the resources of the men to keep fighting
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Dates of Stalin's Death
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1953
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Names for WWI
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The Great War, World War I, The Chemist's War, The Literary War
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Great Depression
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Depression beginning in 1929 with the crash of stock prices in NEw York followed by a series of bank failures in Europe. Was marked by sustained deflation, unemployment in industrial nations, and depressed crop prices
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Details of Russian Civil War
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Red Army (communists) vs. White Army, veterans pro-white army,Red army kills all of royal family, few british and french and american troops sent to help white army but white army loses because disorganized, and don't fight well together and not unified enough.
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Military Restrictions - Versailles Treaty
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army has to be less than 100,000 men, no navy or subs, no airforce, demilitarize the Rhineland, French troops in Ruhr Valley
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V-Man
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What Hitler was, a spy that spies on other political parties such as the communists/nationalists, etc
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Why Mussolini stayed in power
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Surrounded himself in office with loyalists and used an overt threat of violence against political opposition, mass censorship and gained support of the Catholic church
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Dates of Stalin's Reign
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1926-1953
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Change in Political Life
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Liberal govt to interventionist, socialist, govt., pressure to enlist, food rations, meat + rubber + meds. all go to the front, govt. censorship, restrictions of freedom
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Why is WWI called the Literary War?
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All universities emptied, even most educated young men were on the battlefield. Also, those who survived war, wrote and made art about experiences later
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Nationalist German Worker's Party
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believes in Race and Space, (i.e racial hierarchy and desire to expand Germany's territory so that all true German people can live under it and they will enslave the rest) later becomes National Socialist German Workers' Party - propaganda move to pull in german workers and take away support from communists
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Southern Front
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the front in WWI caused by the Ottoman Empire's decision to ally with the German army. British mobilized colonial forces from India, Egypt, and Australia to engage Ottoman forces at Gallipoli; British forces also occupied Mesopotamia and Palestine
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2 groups of Social Democrats
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1. Mensheviks 2. Bolsheviks both groups arguing on how to bring a revolution to Russia
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Ludendorff Offensive
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Germany's final push on the Western front, back to stalemate by fall though, Bulgarians and ottomans end up surrendering to the Allies, fails because not enough mn and Spanish influenza
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Problems with Collective Farms
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creates incentive among workers to slack off or steal, and open to corruption because govt. doesn't always know which crop is best to grow in which areas
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Western Front
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During WWI, the line separating the elaborate tenches of German and Allied positions, which soon became almost immobile. Trench warfare was characteristic of the western front.
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Financial Conditions - Versailles Treaty
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owe 32 billion US dollars in German marks reparations to Allies
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Russia's End to the War
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dropped out of war due to economic pressure of total war, russian communist revs end up with Lenin on top, treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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Woodrow Wilson
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1913-1921 president of the USA during and after WWI. Wilson's idealistic view enshrined in his 14 points, was that the end of the war would lead to the spread of peace and democracy
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Date of Lenin's Death
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1924
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1923 Hyperinflation
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Hyperinflation because govt. pumping newly printed money into the economy, do start to re-build but still sticks with the German people's memories forever
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Stalin's View of N.E.P
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Too slow, wants a fast change to communism, and a full-blown communist state, wants to end N.E.P, wants to show people what communism can do, believed in pressure of invasion,class war etc.
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Collectivization of Agriculture
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Stalin's replacement of peasant villages with large, state-run collective farms, following the idea of "Socialism in one country" millions died.
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Why did Stalin stay in power?
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he eliminated all his political adversaries via extermination (i.e MURDER!!!) had a huge network of secret police, jail systems, gulags, etc.
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Industrial Weapons of WWI
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Shovel, bayonets, guns, machine guns, poison gas, artillery (BIG shells) trenches, planes, few bombings, flame throwers
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Mensheviks
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Argued that Russia was not ready for a communist revolution because they were not totally industrialized, and the Russian people should wait to have their revoltion
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Fascist Values
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Action and decisions, life, war, country and community, ONE leader, physical and mental strength, pride (very emotional, anti-intellectual, in your blood),
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Tzar
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the absolute, divine-right emperor of Russia
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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heavily German favored treaty which signs away the most centralized, industrial, cities and parts of Russia to the Germans, happens in January of 1918
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Mandate System
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System by which former Ottoman provinces and German colonies were redistributed. Based on the idea that some societies were not ready for national self-determination, it expanded on the empires of Britain, France, Belgium, Japan while angering African, Arab. and Chines Nationalists.
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Why is WWI called the Chemist's War?
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First major time science used in war, poison gas, etc.
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New Economic Policy
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not communist economy, gradual transition capitalism to communism, nationalizes banks and railroads and military production but ordinary people allowed to maintain capitalist ways
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Petrograd
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capital of Russia, = St. Petersburg
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Conflict of German submarines
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Subs being built in USA because Germans not being honorable in war, going into unrestricted naval warfare, don't let neutral shipments get to USA, bomb a US ship
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WWI Effects on German Population
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mass famine, scarcities in resources, inflation, infant mortality rate, unemployment, starvation, emotional roller coaster for the German population
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War Damage in Germany
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very little destruction, no invasions on German territory
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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1933-1945 president of the USA during the Great Depression and WWI. Created the New Deal, which intended to stimulate the economy through government spending, financial sector reform and a safety net for those most in need.
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Short Term Cause of WWI
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Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian empire
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Soviets
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groups socialists met in, meeting place/assembly
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War Damage in USA and Japan
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none
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Tzar Nicholas II
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Tzar of Russia at the time of the 1917 revolutions
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USA End to the War
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US joins because of economic ties, selling and producing weapons for the Allies + Mexican telegraph scenario + German submarines
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How is a Fascist leader discovered?
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Someone who has physical and mental strength, courage, power, spirit, will, and moral
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"Umbrella" of Communists
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Socialism
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Balfour Declaration
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1917, Declaration that committed the British government to helping create a national home for the Jewish people in palestine. Britain made this declaration to court support from Zionists during WWI
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Kaiser Willelm II
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1888-1918 german emperor whose aggressive foreign policy and military buildup changed the European balance of power and laid the foundation for the triple alliance and the triple entente
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Details of Franz Ferdinand Assassionation
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1808 Bosnia annexed from Serbia to Austrian empire = unhappy bosnian serbs, want to become part of greater serbia, bosnian serb Gavrilo Princep kills FF in Sarajevo Bosnia
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Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points
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self determination, pop sov. nations not empires, peace and prosperity, no blame, leniency, etc. makes the US a part of the world stage for the first time
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Reichstas
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German congress
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Change in Life on Homefront
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Govt. assumes unprecedented powers to regulate social, political, and economic life.. people = enthusiastically patriotic and pro-war, universities empty, women take up jobs of making ammo, younger kids even educated about war, teen boys want ot fight, people BELIVE Propaganda! work harder, pay less, sacrifice
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War Guilt Clause - Versailles Treaty
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Germany is to blame for all the damage done during WWI
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The Great Purges
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1934 Stalin kills Lenin's remaining supporters, communists essentially who were in the army and HAD POWER, killed off millions and his whole officer core, army falls into disarray by the time Hitler invades in 1941
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Long Term Cause of WWI
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Industrialization + Imperialism (mass production, tech. innovation, colonial control, competition to be top dog in Europe), Rev. culture (Nationalism/Self Determination, etc.) Tension in Europe created because of Bosnian Serbs.
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Date of Franz Ferdinand Assassination
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June 28, 1914
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Paris Peace Conference
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1919, 5 separate treaties between the Allies and each of the 5 central powers - want to make them all weaker and also, some deserve harsher punishments
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German Fascism
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Also called Nazism, forceful style of oratory, emotional, repetitive, emphasis on people and national community
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Sengalese Sharp-Shooters
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Mostly Muslim soldiers from French West Africa who were conscripted by the French empire in WWI and developed a reputation as fearsome fighters
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Lenin's Motto
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Bread, Peace, and Land
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Reasons Russia joined the War
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same religion as Serbians and allies with them
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War Damage in Russia
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Western Section damaged
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Central Powers' use of Total War
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1.) sent guns and $ to Irish nationalists in an effort to create problems for Britain 2.) Germany smuggled Lenin back into Russia 3.) Try to get Mexico to take back Texas
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