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Full-Power Bandwidth
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highest frequency that a full scale frequency an be developed, an op amp can work at; consequence of having a non-infinite slew rate; op amp with too high frequency wont have negative feeback occur fast enough and will breakdown at freqs higher than that; full power is highest frequency that the opamp can still do negative feedback
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Offset Binary Coding
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resistor and voltage attached to D/A converter causing it to drop the voltage range down by one significant bit 0000 ---> 1000
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Generalized First Order Low Pass Filter
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a circuit that attenuates frequencies above a cut off frequency defined as being 1/2Pi RC --> write formula; passive has no gain, but has a gain of G; rolls off at -20dB per decade
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Passive Circuit Component
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does not produce its own power; draws or stores energy, doesnt contribute
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Integral Linearity Error
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error is how far it strays from a perfectly straight line in a A/D Converter, maximum deviation from ideal case
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Quantization Error
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is Q in a A/D converter; how far voltage gets away from the binary word that is approximating it; due to not enough bits; insufficient resolution of D/A converter; value is least significant bit ... +/- least significant bit
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Phasors
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representation of elements with sinusoidally varying points on a graph; vectors can be described on the basis of a plane
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Differential Input Impedance
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in an IA - input impedance where the differential signal (difference between the two input signals) sees when entering it, which is lower than the common mode impedance
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Monostable
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one shot, uses positive feedback to maintain one stable state, until perturbed and changes states for temporary amount of time
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Virtual Ground
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voltage at negative input of op amp = to positive input when there is negative feedback, and the positive input is grounded; that point is zero without the terminal actually being grounded; effect of grounding one of the terminals
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Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
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network of components can be reduced down to one voltage source to one resistor --> impedances, can be capacitors and inductors <-- in series
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Independent Voltage Source
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a voltage source that is removed from the load, so it will have no loading effect, independing of circuit elements;maintains constant voltage/current across its terminals
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Equivalent Power Sources
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to convert between voltage and current sources
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Equivalent Voltage Source
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a Thevinin Equivalent , network of sources that can be represented as one voltage source; outside sources looking in can't tell the difference
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Quality Factor
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causes maximally flat response with 0.707; 1 - overdamped, critically damped, 0.5 - underdamped
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Astable Circuit
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circuit created by positive feedback loop with no stable state; creates an output square wave
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Superposition
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concept of removing certain sources from circuit and combining
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Passband Ripple
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effect caused in real filters and amplifiers of the passband not being a single gain but having a fluctuating gain as you go through the passband; can draw bode plot with ripple in max gain
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Offset Voltage
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voltage of diff amp when both inputs are grounded; voltage leakage caused by dc sources in op amps causing error in voltage output in op amp. can be found by grounding inputs and calculating output voltage
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Maximally Flat Response
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quality Factor is Q = 0.707, smallest amount of offshoot going up the magnitude/frequency plot; Butterworth filter exhibits this characteristic
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Kirchoff's Current Law
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sum of currents entering a node = sum of currents leaving; nodal analysis
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Hold Mode Droop
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error caused by capacitor leakage when sample/hold is turned on/off
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Roll-Off
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rate of decay of gain past the cut off frequency; for a first order filter = -20dB; second order = -40 dB; Ultimate RollOff = one decade above frequency high = below
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Frequency Response
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the magnitude and phase graph of a instrument (filter/opamp) of a circuit as it varies across different frequencies; i.e. Bode plot
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Seebeck Effect
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change in voltage created by material property change by two dissimalr metals caused by temperature change
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Passive Transducer
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a transducer that modifies a signal but does not provide its own; only takes or draws power, but does not generate it
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Instrumentation Amplifier
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Differential amp with really high input impedance and CMRR; two amps act as buffers, one acts as differential amp
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Principle of Transduction
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convert a change in physical properties to electrical energy
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Integral Linearity Error
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when theres a hump in the graph
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Current Divider
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in parallel, method of determining current across a series of parallel resistors
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Loading Effects
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distortion caused by circuit connected to the output
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Differential Linearity Error
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error in an a/d converter which is the whole slope moved / shifted over, but is still linear; every bit is wrong, by a variability. i.e. a bit is supposed to be 1.0, but is 0.8, cuz every step doesnt always have the same amount of voltage;p 160; missing bits...
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Virtual Short Circuit
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two equipotential points caused by negative feedback loop in an operational amplifier
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Common Mode Input Impedance
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like diff input impedance, looking int an IA that a common mode signal sees; generally much higher than differential input impedance
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Inductive Reactance
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jwL; complex component of Impedance of an inductor
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Unity Gain Bandwidth
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gain bandwidth product, bandwidth of a op amp at unity gain, as specified by the operator; open loop gain x cut off frequency
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Output Impedance
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the impedance a load will see when looking back on the circuit
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Instrumentation Amplifier
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differential amp with really high input impedance and CMRR; two amps act as buffers, one acts as differential amp
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Phase Distortion
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non-linear phase graph based on frequency giving different phases at different frequencies , so superpositioning causes distortion
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Slew Rate
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rate at which op amp can charge/ discharge
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Voltage Divider
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a method of easily represetning voltage drops across two resistors in series
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Binary Coded Decimal
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a way to represent a decimal number in binary code; used in D/A converters depending on input, may mean different voltage, cuz different kinds of binary (signed,unsigned) know what kind of binary input to know what to translate the output voltage to
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Instrumentation Amplifier
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differential amplifier with CMRR; high CMRR = low noise; diff amp has balanced input impedences causing high CMRR and having two voltage sources; in an IA - input impedance where the differential signal (difference between the two input signals) sees when entering it, which is lower than the common mode impedance
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Transconductance Amplifier
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VCIS - voltage controlled current source; example : having a op-amp without reisstor on feedback loop, so theres output curent, but no voltage; non inverting amp with no negative feedback resistor
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