| Terms |
Definitions |
|
constant internal temperature
|
one advantage of ectotherms
|
|
vasoconstriction
|
decreasing the diameter of blood vessels near the body surface; used to cool the body surface; reduces blood flow
|
|
development of thyroid gland, production of thyroid hormones
|
function of TSH (2)
|
|
signal transduction pathway
|
a series of changes in cellular proteins that changes an extracellular chemical signal into an intracellular response
|
|
gonadotropins
|
tropic hormones that stimulate the activities of the male and female gonads (testes/ovaries)
|
|
feces, kidney, urea
|
how sharks counteract salt intake
|
|
urea
|
mammals, amphibians, sharks, and bony fishes secrete this nitrogenous waste
|
|
dilates vessels to increase blood flow, kill bacteria and cancer cells, produces an erection
|
three functions of nitric oxide
|
|
osmoconformers
|
most marine invertebrates are (osmoconformers/ osmoregulators)
|
|
cortical granules release enzymes, enzymes alter the zona pellucida
|
process of the cortical reaction in mammalian eggs
|
|
endothermic
|
birds and mammals are primarily (endo/ectothermic)
|
|
active transport of NaCl for reabsorption, concentrate urine, reabsorption of water
|
function of the collecting duct
|
|
dorsal, ventral
|
cortical rotation creates these two sides of an egg
|
|
renal vein
|
drains the kidney of blood
|
|
brown fat
|
a tissue specialized for quick heat production
|
|
tight junctions
|
transport epithelia are connected by these
|
|
effector
|
a component of a control system that conducts a response
|
|
signal liver to break down glucose and make glucose from amino acids and glycerol
|
function of glucagon
|
|
morula
|
a cluster of cells created after the first 5-7 divisions
|
|
production and secretion of steroid hormones in adrenal cortex
|
function of ACTH
|
|
transport epithelium
|
a layer(or more) of epithelial cells whose function is to regulate solute movement; also aids in osmotic regulation and waste disposal; often in a system of tubes; acts like a selectively permeable membrane
|
|
nervous system
|
an organ system formed from the ectoderm
|
|
increase blood glucose, increased breathing, increase glycogen breakdown in liver, increase metabolism, raise blood pressure
|
function of epinephrine and norepinephrine (4)
|
|
yolk
|
stored nutrients
|
|
exchange gases between embryo and surroundings
|
function of the chorion
|
|
difference in pH, gravity in oviducts
|
how amniotes develop their body axes (birds)
|
|
estrogen, progesterone
|
two lipid-soluble hormones
|
|
control center
|
a component of a control system that receives info from the receptor and transfers it to the effector
|
|
negative feedback
|
occurs when a change in the monitored variable creates an action to counteract change in that direction
|
|
consume more energy
|
disadvantage of endotherms
|
|
androgens
|
steroids made by Leydig cells near seminiferous tubules
|
|
inhibits glucose release via slower glycogen breakdown and creation of glucose
|
function of insulin
|
|
raise blood pressure and volume, stimulate kidney cells to reabsorb sodium and water
|
function of mineralocorticoids (2)
|
|
nontropic
|
hormones that target specific cells
|
|
hydrostatic pressure, pushes solutes into the excretory system
|
another name for blood pressure + function
|
|
contraction of uterine muscles, milk release, positive feedback
|
functions (2) of oxytocin + type of feedback
|
|
dispose of nitrogenous wastes and CO2, transfer nutrients from the placenta to the embryo
|
function of the allantois
|
|
next to the kidneys
|
where the adrenal glands are located
|
|
ectotherms
|
organisms that gain heat from the environment; metabolic rate doesn't affect body temp
|
|
fertilization, oogenesis
|
when nonamniotes develop their body axes
|
|
salt intake in gills, urine
|
how freshwater animals maintain osmotic balance (2)
|
|
polarity determines axes, cortical rotation exposes gray crescent, one cleavage
|
establishment of body axes (3) in frog eggs
|
|
capillaries in the hypothalamus connect to portal vessels, split into capillary bed in the anterior pituitary
|
connection between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
|
|
nonshivering thermogenesis
|
the increased production of heat in mammals via hormones that make mitochondria increase metabolic activity, producing heat instead of ATP
|
|
gastrulation
|
the is the process by which the blastula rearranges to form the gastrula, a three-layered embryo with a gut
|
|
nitric oxide
|
a local regulator that aids in regulation of blood oxygen; a gas
|
|
fate mapping
|
tracing cells to their origins during embryonic development
|
|
stenohaline
|
animals that can't tolerate big changes in osmolarity
|
|
thermoregulation
|
the process by which animals maintain internal temperature within a certain range
|
|
Hans Spemann
|
studied the distribution of the gray crescent during cleavage; discovered that the potency (ability to differentiate) of cells was affected by the unequal distribution of cytoplasmic determinants as well as cleavage (the egg with a gray crescent was normal)
|
|
vasodilation
|
increasing the diameter of blood vessels near the body surface; used to warm the skin in mammals; helps cool down; increases blood flow
|
|
after cleavage
|
when mammals/amniotes develop polarity
|
|
hypoosmotic, hyperosmotic
|
water flows via osmosis from a _______________ solution to a ______________ one (osmolarity)
|
|
ectotherms
|
(endotherms/ectotherms) can tolerate larger fluctuations in their body temperatures
|
|
renal cortex
|
the outer region of a kidney, internal to the membrane
|
|
acrosome releases enzymes, enzymes digest jelly coat, acrosomal process enters, proteins on acrosomal process attach to cell surface receptors, vitelline layer opens, depolarization via Na+ entry
|
process of the acrosomal reaction (6)
|
|
transport epithelium secretes solutes from hemolymph to lumen, water comes in via osmosis, solutes and water reabsorbed in the rectum
|
how Malpighian tubules aid in osmoregulation (process, 3)
|
|
endorphin, MSH, prolactin
|
the three nontropic hormones from the anterior pituitary
|
|
bind to receptors in the brain, dull perception of pain
|
function of endophin (2)
|
|
NaCl reabsorbed, some urea diffuses out, water moves out by osmosis
|
fluid movement in the collecting duct
|
|
increase permeability of epithelium to water, distal tubules, collecting ducts
|
function of ADH + areas it targets
|
|
vasa recta
|
the capillaries surrounding the loop of Henle; weave around the proximal and distal tubules
|
|
tilapia
|
one type of a euryhaline fish
|
|
ureter
|
a duct connected to the kidney; urine is secreted through this
|
|
anti-inflammation, synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
|
function of glucocorticoids (2)
|
|
hypothalamus
|
a region of the brain that obtains info from nerves, then 'converts' these signals into endocrine ones, joining the nervous and endocrine systems
|
|
allantois
|
connected to the chorion; forms the umbilical cord
|
|
blastocoel
|
a fluid filled cavity, first formed in the morula
|
|
androgen, estrogen, progesterone, progestins, testosterone
|
major hormones secreted by the gonads
|
|
liver, combines ammonia and CO2
|
how urea is produced + location
|
|
filtrate, transport epithelium, interstitial fluid, peritubular capillaries
|
chronological movement of reabsorbed solutes/water from the proximal tubule
|
|
osmoconformer, isoosmotic
|
an animal that doesn't change its internal osmolarity; it is seen as _____________ to its surroundings
|
|
selective reabsorption
|
the active transport of essential solutes from the filtrate into the body fluid
|
|
renal artery
|
supplies the kidney with blood
|
|
center of the brain
|
where the pineal is located
|
|
trophoblast secretes enzymes to break down endometrium, blastocyst enters endometrium, trophoblast invades endometrium with fingerlike projections, capillaries rupture, epiblast and hypoblast form
|
process of implantation in mammalian embryos (4)
|
|
tropic
|
hormones that target endocrine systems
|
|
PTH
|
major hormones secreted by the parathyroid
|
|
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase
|
the three phases, in order, of the ovarian cycle
|
|
increases reabsorption of NaCl and H2O in the proximal tubules, raises blood pressure
|
function of angiotensin II
|
|
notochord sends signals to the ectoderm
|
how the neutral plate is formed
|
|
greater estrogen concentration, endometrium thickens
|
events of the proliferative phase (2)
|
|
hyperosmotic
|
the solution that has a greater concentration of solutes (osmolarity)
|
|
ectothermic
|
amphibians and reptiles are primarily (endo/ectothermic)
|
|
stimulates production of eggs and sperm
|
function of FSH
|
|
meroblastic cleavage, blastoderm
|
division in a chick embryo (2)
|
|
epinephrine, norepinephrine
|
major hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla
|
|
renal pelvis
|
located within the renal medulla; stores filtrate from the collecting duct, and is drained by the ureter
|
|
endotherms
|
organisms that can regulate their body temp via metabolic heat
|
|
notochord, somites
|
two components of the backbone
|
|
regulates release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
|
function of GnRH
|
|
Malpighian tubules
|
organs that remove nitrogenous wastes and help with osmoregulation; found in insects and arthropods
|
|
increases reabsorption of Na+ and H2O in the distal tubules, raises blood pressure and volume
|
function of aldosterone
|
|
urethra
|
a tube that extends from the ureter to the outside environment; excretes urine
|
|
secretion of GnRH, GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to make FSH and LH, FSH and LH stimulate follicle growth, follicle produces small amounts of estrogen
|
events of the follicular phase (4)
|
|
adjacent cells, faster response
|
difference (2) between local regulators and hormones
|
|
neutral plate curves
|
how the neutral tube is formed
|
|
menstrual flow, proliferative, secretory
|
the phases, in order, of the uterine cycle
|
|
glomerulus
|
a ball of capillaries
|
|
amnion
|
encloses the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity to prevent dehydration, protects against mechanical shock
|
|
gills, NH4, Na+
|
where ammonium is lost in fish + which form + what the transport epithelium takes in
|
|
salt, water
|
the ascending loop of Henle is permeable to _______ but not ________
|
|
renal medulla
|
the inner region of a kidney
|
|
near the afferent arteriole
|
where the juxtaglomerular apparatus is located
|
|
animal pole, gray, melanin
|
where the yolk is less concentrated + color + reason for color
|
|
Bowman's capsule
|
encapsulates the glomerulus
|
|
dilute the filtrate, release salt into interstitial fluid
|
the main function(s) of the ascending loop of Henle
|
|
euryhaline
|
animals that can tolerate big changes in osmolarity
|
|
meroblastic cleavage
|
the incomplete division of a yolk-rich egg
|
|
collecting duct
|
brings filtrate from the medulla to the renal pelvis
|
|
amino acids, bicarbonate, glucose, potassium
|
nutrients 'reabsorbed' in the proximal tubule (as in reabsorbed into the body) (4)
|
|
lose
|
marine vertebrates tend to ________ water
|
|
arteries enlarge, endometrial glands grow
|
events of the secretory phase cytoplasmic determinants - maternal substances; may aid in differentiation
|
|
blastoderm
|
a cap of cells located on the undivided egg yolk
|
|
ADH, oxytocin
|
2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary
|
|
unequal division into eight cells, smaller blastomeres in animal pole
|
cleavage in a frog embryo + what it produces
|
|
metanephrida
|
an excretory system found in annelids and worms; contains two internal openings with a network of capillaries
|
|
bony fish, sharks
|
2 examples of osmoregulating marine animals
|
|
blastocyst
|
the mammalian blastula
|
|
glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids
|
major hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
|
|
Calcitonin, T3, T4
|
major hormones secreted by the thyroid
|
|
local regulators
|
chemical signals that transfer messages between adjacent cells, leading to a quicker response
|
|
cytoplasmic response, nuclear response, gene transcription
|
response to water soluble hormones (2) + example
|
|
blastopore, anus
|
the open end of the archenteron; later forms the __________
|
|
mesenchyme cells move into the blastocoel, invagination, archenteron extends and fuses with the blastocoel wall, creation of a mouth and anus
|
chronological process of gastrulation in a sea urchin embryo
|
|
induction
|
the ability of one group of embryonic cells to influence the development of another; often through chemical signals or cell-surface interactions
|
|
cytoplasm, nucleus
|
where receptors for lipid soluble hormones are found (2)
|
|
afferent arteriole
|
supplies the nephron with blood; helps form the capillaries of the glomerulus
|
|
follicle matures, follicle releases estrogen, secretion of FSH/LH/GnRH, LH stimulates release of oocyte
|
events of ovulation (4)
|
|
peritubular capillaries, interstitial fluid, transport epithelium, filtrate
|
chronological movement of poisons/drugs from the liver to the proximal tubule
|
|
drink seawater, kidneys filter out water, sodium excreted from gills
|
how fishes retain their internal environments (3)
|
|
holoblastic cleavage
|
the complete division of yolk in eggs with little yolk
|
|
ammonia, H+ secretion
|
how the proximal tubules maintain pH levels
|
|
growth factors
|
local regulators that stimulate cell division and differentiation; necessary for growth, division, and development of cells
|
|
posterior pituitary, axons
|
an extension of the hypothalamus that stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus + how they are connected
|
|
ammonia
|
fishes primarily secrete this nitrogenous waste
|
|
body cells
|
targeted by insulin
|
|
water, salt
|
the descending loop of Henle is permeable to _______ but not _______
|
|
increase blood glucose, opposing insulin
|
the nontropic function of growth hormone
|
|
anterior pituitary
|
a region of the brain that contains endocrine cells; secretes around 6 hormones
|
|
convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin II
|
the function of renin
|
|
cortical nephrons, some juxtamedullary nephrons
|
two kidney parts found in the renal cortex
|
|
nephrostrome, collecting tubule, bladder, nephridiopore
|
chronological movement of fluid from the nephostrome to the nephridiopore (4)
|
|
body temperature doesn't determine metabolic strategy
|
why the terms 'cold blooded' and 'warm blooded' are misleading
|
|
vegetal pole
|
where the yolk is concentrated
|
|
arteries next to veins, warm blood transfer from veins to arteries, blood temperature stays the same in veins
|
how countercurrent heat exchangers are set up (3)
|
|
unequal distribution of cytoplasmic determinants, unequal division of cytoplasm
|
causes of the differentiation and development of eggs
|
|
proximal tubule, distal tubule
|
these two parts of the nephron aid in pH regulation
|
|
nephridiopore
|
the opening in a protonephridium and metanephridium, through which urine is excreted
|
|
blastula
|
a hollow ball of cells
|
|
neural crest
|
formed by a group of cells along the endoderm where the neural tube was made
|
|
countercurrent multiplier system
|
a countercurrent system that uses energy to make a concentration gradient
|
|
passive
|
salt transport in the thin ascending loop of Henle is __________
|
|
paracrine signaling
|
the process by which local regulators transfer messages between adjacent cells
|
|
melatonin
|
major hormones secreted by the pineal
|
|
chorion
|
encloses the embryo and other extracellular membranes; function is to exchange gases btw. embryo and surroundings
|
|
300 mosm/L
|
the optimal osmolarity of blood
|
|
growth hormone
|
an anterior pituitary hormone that has both tropic and nontropic effects
|
|
epiblast cells move inward, formation of primitive streak, epiblast cells move into the blastocoel and replace hypoblast cells
|
chronological process of gastrulation in a bird/chick embryo (3)
|
|
tardigrade
|
example of an animal that exhibits anhydrobiosis
|
|
yolk sac
|
located below the embryo, encloses fluids and nutrients for the embryo
|
|
depolarization, fast block
|
a brief description of the acrosomal reaction + another name
|
|
store sugar
|
how animals that use anhydrobiosis prevent dying
|
|
alpha cells
|
produce glucagon
|
|
prostaglandins
|
local regulators and modified fatty acids; aid in contraction of the uterus & uterine walls, fever and inflammation during the inflammatory response, blood clotting, and blood flow past the lungs
|
|
androgen production in males, ovulation in females
|
function of LH
|
|
hypothalamus, posterior pituitary
|
where ADH is produced + then stored
|
|
inner cell mass
|
a group of cells, aggregated at one end of the blastocyst
|
|
endocrine glands
|
hormone secreting organs
|
|
peritubular capillaries
|
extend from the afferent arteriole
|
|
osmolarity, blood volume
|
ADH targets issues with ___________, while RAAS targets issues with ____________
|
|
neurosecretory cells
|
nerve cells that secrete hormones into the blood via extracellular fluid; connect nervous and endocrine systems
|
|
reabsorption of water
|
main function of the descending loop of Henle
|
|
active transport of salt from blood to tubules, concentration gradient
|
how transport epithelia work in a countercurrent exchange system
|
|
uric acid
|
reptiles, birds, insects, and snails secrete this nitrogenous waste
|
|
new follicle begins growing, disintegration of corpus luteum, uterine arteries spasm and release blood
|
events of the menstrual flow phase (3)
|
|
salt diffuses into transport epithelium, active transport of Na into interstitial fluid, passive transport of Cl, water moves by osmosis
|
how the proximal tubule helps reabsorb water and NaCl (3)
|
|
conduction
|
the transfer of thermal motion(heat) due to direct contact with something
|
|
nocturnal, waxy cuticles
|
how land animals avoid water loss from urine, feces, skin, or organs
|
|
coelom
|
the bodily fluid (similar to blood) found in a worm
|
|
archenteron
|
the primitive endoderm-lined cavity formed by invagination
|
|
growth of and milk production in mammary glands
|
function of prolactin
|
|
gain
|
freshwater animals tend to ______ water
|
|
great energy loss
|
disadvantage of uric acid
|
|
countercurrent heat exchanger
|
an arrangement of blood vessels that is used to prevent heat loss; found in endotherms
|
|
beating
|
how a protonephridium's flame bulbs aid in filtration
|
|
cortical rotation
|
the rotation of the egg toward the site of sperm entry, moving the vegetal pole upward
|
|
ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH
|
the four tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary
|
|
epiblast
|
the cells that will form the chick embryo originate from the
|
|
extraembryotic membranes
|
membranes exterior to the embryo
|
|
evaporation
|
the loss of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing its molecules as gas; incl. sweating, panting, breathing, bodily secretions
|
|
involution
|
the entry of endoderm/mesoderm cells via the dorsal lip
|
|
testosterone
|
the presence of this hormone inhibits the production of LSH, FSH, and GnRH
|
|
osmoregulation
|
the monitoring of solute and water concentrations
|
|
somites
|
composed of ribbons of mesoderm, located next to the notochord; can differentiate into mesenchymal cells
|
|
receptor
|
a component of a control system that detects change
|
|
signal liver to make insulin-like growth factors, aiding bone and cartilage growth
|
the tropic function of growth hormone
|
|
decreases
|
as the filtrate moves down the loop of Henle, the osmolarity of the surrounding fluid _____________
|
|
FSH, LH
|
the two gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary
|
|
active
|
salt transport in the thick ascending loop of Henle is __________
|
|
blastomeres
|
small cells of the early embryo
|
|
osmoregulator
|
an animal that regulates its internal osmolarity because it is not isoosmotic to its surroundings
|
|
hormone-receptor complex initiates direct cell response, change in gene expression, produces proteins
|
response (3) to lipid soluble hormones
|
|
secretion
|
the active transport of nonessential solutes from the body fluid into the filtrate
|
|
germ layers
|
the three layers of the gastrula
|
|
cleavage
|
the process by which cells in a fertilized egg undergo synthesis and mitosis, but not growth
|
|
dorsal lip
|
the dorsal side of the blastopore, formed by invagination
|
|
regulates activity of pigment-containing cells in the skin of some vertebrates
|
function of MSH
|
|
osmoregulators
|
most marine vertebrates are (osmoconformers/osmoregulators)
|
|
yolk plug
|
food containing cells; encircled by the blastopore; later forced inward due to growth of the ectoderm
|
|
protonephridium
|
a system of short tubules without internal openings, found in flatworms
|
|
acrosome releases hydrolytic enzymes, exposes protein on cell surface, sperm reaches plasma membrane
|
process of the acrosomal reaction in mammalian eggs
|
|
deal with temperature changes, live on land, sustained activity
|
three advantages of endotherms
|
|
convection
|
the transfer of heat due to the passage of air or liquid along a surface (ie vasodilation/constriction)
|
|
acrosome
|
a specialized vesicle at the tip of a sperm, contains hydrolytic enzymes
|
|
nephron
|
a functional unit of the kidney; contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule & subsequent tubes
|
|
mesoderm
|
the layer in between the inner and outer layers of the gastrula
|
|
activates vitamin D to increase Ca intake in intestines, increase absorption of Ca in renal tubules of kidney, stimulates breakdown of bone
|
function of PTH (intestines, kidney, bone)
|
|
islets of Langerhans
|
endocrine cell clusters in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas
|
|
beta cells
|
produce insulin
|
|
ectoderm
|
the outer layer of the gastrula
|
|
positive feedback
|
occurs when a change in the monitored variable creates an action to support or augment that action
|
|
active transport
|
how osmoregulators maintain certain osmotic gradients
|
|
prepare uterus for pregnancy
|
function of progesterone/progestins
|
|
Ca released from ER into cytosol, cortical granules release contents into perivitelline space, protein receptors degrade, perivitelline space expands, vitelline layer hardens into fertilization envelope
|
process of the cortical reaction in sea urchins (5)
|
|
LH stimulates formation of a corpus luteum, corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone, LH and FSH amounts decrease, corpus luteum disintegrates
|
events of the luteal phase (4)
|
|
transfer water, fan it with wings
|
how honeybees reduce temperature in the hive during hot weather
|
|
hypoosmotic
|
the solution that has a lower concentration of solutes (osmolarity)
|
|
hypoblast
|
the lower layer of the blastomere in a bird embryo
|
|
mesenchyme cells
|
migratory cells that detach from the gastrula wall and enter the blastocoel
|
|
invagination creates dorsal lip, involution, blastopore grows on both sides, ectotherm expands, blastocoel shrinks
|
chronological process of gastrulation in a frog embryo (5)
|
|
mesoderm
|
the germ layer that composes the skeletal, muscular, excretory, circulatory, lymphatic, and reproductive systems
|
|
endoderm
|
the inner lining of the gastrula
|
|
PTH
|
opposes the effects of calcitonin
|
|
huddle together
|
how honeybees retain heat during cold weather
|
|
regulate body functions related to day length, skin pigmentation in vertebrates
|
function of melatonin (2)
|
|
zona pellucida
|
the ECM of a mammalian egg
|
|
flame bulb
|
caps on the branches of tubules in a protonephridium
|
|
trophoblast
|
the outer epithelium of the blastocyst; help form the embryo and its extraembryonic membranes
|
|
radiation
|
the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero; can transfer heat from non-touching objects (ie the sun to the body)
|
|
nephrostrome
|
the inner, ciliated opening of metanephridia
|
|
aquaporins
|
how ADH increases the permeability of the epithelium to water (part of the epithelium)
|
|
egg, four cell stage, morula, blastula
|
chronological process of cleavage (type of cells, four)
|
|
gastrulation, placenta forms, germ layers and embryonic membranes form
|
events after implantation of the mammalian embryo (3)
|
|
low toxicity
|
advantage of urea
|
|
regulate metabolism, development, and maturation
|
function of T3 and T4
|
|
slow block
|
the cortical reaction is seen as the (fast/slow block) to fertilization
|
|
near the trachea
|
where the parathyroid is located
|
|
decrease Ca absorption in kidney and bones, slower breakdown of bone
|
function of calcitonin (2)
|
|
cell surface
|
receptors for water soluble hormones are located on/in the ____ ___________
|
|
regulate secretion of potassium and reabsorption of salt
|
functions (2) of the distal tubule
|
|
cortical nephrons
|
most of the nephron; found in the renal cortex
|
|
epiblast
|
the upper layer of the blastomere in a bird embryo
|
|
notochord
|
composed of dorsal (upper) mesoderm above the archenteron; found in vertebrates
|
|
2
|
each segment of a worm has ______ metanephridia
|
|
invagination, archenteron
|
the process by which the layer of cells/the vegetal plate at the vegetal pole bends inward + what it forms
|
|
anhydrobiosis
|
the ability to subsist after dehydration
|
|
juxtamedullary nephron
|
a larger nephron located within the renal medulla; can make hyperosmotic urine
|
|
filtration
|
the process by which bodily fluid (blood, coelomic fluid, hemolymph) passes through selectively permeable membranes composed of one layer of transport epithelium
|
|
lipid soluble
|
these types of hormones perform the entire task of transducing a signal or target
|
