| Terms |
Definitions |
|
complex twins
|
Twins that comprise more than two individual domains
|
|
Divalent
|
having a valence of two or having two valences
|
|
Mole
|
the amount of a substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12
|
|
Valence electrons
|
The outermost electrons in an atom.
|
|
Valence
|
the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom
|
|
Groups
|
vertical columns of the periodic table
|
|
Ions
|
electrically charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons.
|
|
Transition metals
|
Groups 3-12, 1-2 electrons in the outer energy level, less reactive than alkali-earth metals, shiny, good conductor of thermal energy and electrical current, high density
|
|
Impurity defects
|
Occurs when a foreign atom is present in a mineral's atomic structure.
|
|
Cations
|
positively charged ions
|
|
noncrystalline
|
Amorphous, lacking three-dimensional order. Amorphous materials are either rubbers or glasses. normal stress The force divided by the area normal to the force.
|
|
Ionic Bond
|
a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains to electron to form a negative ion
|
|
Alkaline Earth Elements
|
group 2A elements
|
|
Anhedral
|
Minerals that do not exhibit any crystal faces
|
|
Euhedral
|
A crystal that exhibits all of its natural crystal faces
|
|
intergrowths
|
Crystals that grow next to one another
|
|
Atomic number
|
Number of protons
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
|
|
metasomatism
|
The transformation of preexisting solid rocks under the influence of high pressure and temperature.
|
|
Crystalline
|
Having an orderly and repetitive atomic structure
|
|
Ionic charge
|
the numerical value of the electric charge of an ion
|
|
Reduction
|
any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen)
|
|
Trivalent
|
having a valence of three
|
|
isotropic
|
having the same properties in every direction
|
|
Bohr model
|
A model where electrons are like small, sperical particles orbiting around the nucleus
|
|
Halogens
|
group 17; contains nonmetals; 7 electrons in its outermost energy level; very reactive; poor conductors of electric current; never in its uncombined form in nature; combine with most metals to form salts
|
|
simple twins
|
Twins that comprise two domains that share common planes of atoms that separate them
|
|
Anions
|
negatively charged ions
|
|
Subhedral
|
Exhibit some of their natural surfaces.
|
|
secondary minerals
|
small, result of chemical weathering or mineral alteration (determines texture/ structure)
|
|
point defects
|
A defect that occurs at one or a few points in a structure
|
|
Metallic Bonding
|
occurs because electrons move freely among a metal's positively charged ions and explains properties such as ductility and the ability to conduct electricity
|
|
Chemical precipitates
|
minerals in a solution that are left behind when water evaporates
|
|
Amorphous
|
without real or apparent crystalline form
|
|
Anisotropic
|
Not possessing the same properties in all directions (opposite of isotropic)
|
|
twins
|
(mineralogy) two interwoven crystals that are mirror images on each other
|
|
Monovalent
|
having a valence of 1
|
|
compositional plane
|
Where domains share atoms. Common surface between domains
|
|
diagenesis
|
a collective term for all the chemical, physical, and biological changes that take place after sediments are deposited and during and after lithification
|
|
primary minerals
|
compounds found in unaltered rock
|
|
penetration twins
|
Twins where the crystals appear to have grown through each other
|
|
line defects
|
Defects that end at lines in a structure
|
|
Aufbau Principle
|
The process where available electrons fill orbitals from lowest to highest energy levels
|
|
Elements
|
Fundamental building blocks of matter
|
|
polysynthetic twinning
|
Twinning that occurs at alternating domains
|
|
Compounds
|
substances formed by the joining of elements through chemical bonding. every molecule of a compound is the same.
|
|
Minerals
|
Chemical compounds that are normally crystalline and form by geological processes. They must also have a well-defined chemical composition
|
|
Defects
|
Flaws
|
|
Ostwald ripening
|
Cry combine to produce larger drop and smaller droplets. and big drops get bigger, small get smaller.
|
|
contact twins
|
Twins that appear to be crystals in contact
|
|
Tetravalent
|
haveing a valence of four
|
|
periods
|
the horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table
|
|
Oxidation
|
the loss of electrons from one substance
|
|
Avogadro's Number
|
number of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 X 10^23
|
|
Alkali Elements
|
group 1 elements
|
|
Flux
|
the rate of flow of energy or particles across a given surface
|
|
Reentrant angles
|
Two crystal faces intersect to form this when they produce an, an interior angle of a polygon that is greater than 180 degrees
|
